UDJ Programa

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EL PROGRAMA

DE

UNIDAD DE democracia y la Justicia (UDJ)

INTRODUCCIÓN

Etiopía es un país hermoso que posee una larga historia ranking entre las grandes civilizaciones del mundo. Se le conoce como el origen de la humanidad y tiene en su seno las naciones y nacionalidades ricos con las identidades culturales, donde los seguidores de diferentes religiones vivan en armonía mixta y donde se ha conservado su independencia a largo a través de la lucha patriótica de los ciudadanos.

A pesar de que Etiopía y sus ciudadanos son los herederos de estos valores positivos, la actual Etiopía es más conocida por sus guerras civiles, violaciónes graves de sociedades democráticas, los derechos humanos, las naciones y nacionalidades y de la pobreza resultante causada por la pérdida de oportunidades para el desarrollo .

La introducción de la revolución industrial y los estilos administrativos de Occidente en nuestro país, por un lado, ayudó a acercar la relación imperante interactivas de los pueblos, mientras que, por otra parte, ha hecho una importante contribución a nuestro presente condición por lo que la relación interactiva carente de justicia e igualdad.

La lucha llevada a cabo en los últimos treinta o cuarenta años, ya sea por las fuerzas que detentaban el poder del gobierno o por los de la oposición, para remediar la situación y para encontrar soluciones ha hecho una contribución positiva muy poco. De hecho, nos encontramos en una situación donde las condiciones están empeorando.

La lucha librada por el pueblo unos treinta años antes había creado una condición en la que fue derrocado el gobierno monárquico siglos de edad. Sin embargo, los oficiales militares que aprovechó el momento para hacerse con el poder aplastó la lucha del pueblo que se hizo para proteger los derechos humanos y democráticos y al respeto de los derechos de las naciones y nacionalidades, y condenó al pueblo a una represión aún peor y el sufrimiento. EPRDF que siguió en los pasos del Derg, a pesar de su promesa al pueblo de Etiopía que se respeten los derechos humanos y democráticos, incluidos los derechos de las naciones y nacionalidades, y que traería consigo un sistema multipartidista en el que el poder es a cabo solamente a través de la libre competencia y la elección, se ha impuesto en la actualidad, en su turno, un gobierno represivo contra el pueblo.

En la actualidad, no ha sido posible disponer de los derechos humanos y democráticos garantizados por la Constitución plenamente respetados. La cuestión de las naciones y nacionalidades no está debidamente abordado y resuelto. De hecho, el tema está siendo utilizado como una herramienta para dividir y gobernar al pueblo. Los ciudadanos se les priva de la oportunidad de vivir y trabajar en las áreas de su elección y para llevar a cabo actividades de desarrollo. Son igualmente privados de seguridad en el trabajo. El proceso de integración entre el pueblo está siendo interrumpida. Etíopes están hechas para ver con recelo y su unidad se está haciendo para aflojar. Esta situación se está debilitando el sentido de la gente de la propiedad de su país y de su entorno y es en sí misma una fuente de preocupación.

En la actualidad, Etiopía es uno de los países más atrasados ​​del mundo, no sólo en el crecimiento político, sino en el crecimiento económico y social. Como resultado de su falta de litoral, se enfrenta a un grave peligro contra la seguridad y el crecimiento económico. El crecimiento económico que se declara a la salida, porque no está construido sobre una base sostenible y vendidos, no ha sido capaz de salir de la pobreza y nos salve de la búsqueda de donaciones de ayuda alimentaria del mundo exterior. Ante la falta de distribución equitativa de la riqueza y el empleo adecuado, la diferencia del nivel de vida entre los etíopes se ha vuelto extremadamente amplia.

Unidad para la Democracia y la Justicia (UDJ), un partido multinacional debidamente establecida en agosto ________, cree que las condiciones descritas anteriormente se debe cambiar y está decidido a aportar su contribución a lograr el cambio deseado. UDJ fue, en su mayor parte, fundada por antiguos miembros de la Coalición por la Unidad y la Democracia (CUD), pero desde entonces, ha estado atrayendo a muchos nuevos miembros y los políticos y se encuentra en proceso de expansión de su base mayor.

A pesar de nuestro partido es respetuoso de la ley y se caracteriza por dificultades para lograr una transición de poder a través de medios pacíficos, a su líder, Woizerit Birtukan Mideksa fue encarcelado luego por el EPRDF, motivada por su temor a una oposición fuerte. Peor aún, en contravención de una orden judicial, ha violado su derecho constitucional de ser visitado por su abogado, el padre de religiosos y familiares y amigos.

UDJ continuará su lucha para liberar a su Presidente para Birtukan tt puntos de vista de su ser privado de su libertad como la manifestación de la población etíope siendo privados de su libertad y la igualdad. El salario lucha por el pueblo etíope por su libertad en general estaría vinculado y coordinado con la lucha para liberar Woizerit Birtukan.

La historia es un testimonio del hecho de que el pueblo etíope no evitan de pagar el sacrificio necesario para la protección de su libertad. Se sabe que durante las recientes elecciones de 2005, que habían demostrado su capacidad de hacer un uso racional de una elección democrática. Con base en el pasado positivo, así como la historia reciente, UDJ está decidido a hacer un esfuerzo coordinado con el fin de ver la formación de un gobierno democrático digno de una lucha heroica por la libertad.   

Etiopía es el hogar de muchas naciones y nacionalidades, rica en una variedad de culturas, idiomas, tradiciones y sistemas y que, a pesar de siglos de convivencia entrelazada, desarrollado sentido de la identidad etíope común. UDJ se da cuenta de que dentro de esta larga y compleja historia de la unidad y la interacción de las naciones y nacionalidades en Etiopía, se han producido numerosos abusos y agravios que aún no se aborda y se remedia. Al mismo tiempo, UDJ da cuenta de que los etíopes, independientemente de nuestra nacionalidad, nuestros destinos están entrelazados y nuestra elección no es mantener remonta a viejas heridas y vivir en el pasado, pero para seguir adelante, resolver los problemas comunes a través de esfuerzos comunes . Con base en esta realización, UDJ, como un partido multi-nacional, se esforzará por mejorar los valores que son comunes a todos los etíopes y alentar a todos los etíopes a fortalecer su unidad en torno a esos valores fundamentales. El propio partido se esforzará por convertirse en un modelo de esta visión, una confluencia de todos los etíopes y una expresión de la riqueza humana de nuestro país.

UDJ respete la diversidad y cree que esta diversidad es un componente de la belleza de Etiopía y que no debe y no puede de ninguna manera ser una causa del debilitamiento de nuestra unidad. Teniendo en cuenta la realidad objetiva de nuestro país, UDJ se da cuenta de que la cuestión de las naciones y nacionalidades es un tema importante participación de los derechos fundamentales y la lucha para la adecuada protección de estos derechos. Se cree que la protección de estos derechos no está en contradicción natural, ya sea con el derecho de la persona o con la unidad de Etiopía.

Nuestro partido cree que los problemas básicos de nuestro país no puede ser resuelto por la capacidad de una de las partes, pero sólo por el esfuerzo conjunto y la participación activa de todos los interesados. Asimismo, considera que, dada la realidad objetiva de nuestro país, no hay ninguna contradicción básica entre las partes multi-nacional y nacional y acepta que existen las condiciones para que puedan vivir y trabajar en forma conjunta por causas comunes. Está dispuesta a aportar su contribución al fortalecimiento de la recientemente creada Etiopía Foro Federal de la Unidad Democrática (Medrek) que comprende UDJ y siete otras partes y de su transformación a un nivel superior de cooperación. Se armonizará el programa mínimo aprobado por Medrek con su propio programa y se esfuerzan más para su exitosa implementación.

Por lo tanto, UDJ está comprometido con los siguientes principios y progammes y de trabajar de la mano con el pueblo de Etiopía para el éxito.

1. Principios generales de la Unidad para la Democracia y la Justicia

1. El dominio de Etiopía incluye el espacio de tierra, el agua y el aire que está bajo el dominio soberano del pueblo etíope.

1.2 Los etíopes que viven en Etiopía y en el extranjero, junto al pueblo de Etiopía.

1.3 El pueblo de Etiopía son el poder soberano en el país, el poder soberano emana sólo de la gente.

1.4 El derecho que los etíopes tienen como ciudadanos individuales o el derecho común que tengan como nación, nacionalidad o grupo es el fundamento de su unidad.

1.5 La unidad y la soberanía del país son inseparables y no serán cedidos a otros; UDJ se esforzará para reunir cada nación / nacionalidad para representar el respeto de la frontera de Etiopía, la libertad, la unidad, la soberanía, incluido el derecho de las naciones y nacionalidades y por los intereses y valores comunes de la población etíope.

1.6 UDJ está decidido a mantenerse firme para el gobierno que esté libre de la injusticia y la falta de equidad y para el fortalecimiento de una unidad que se basa en el respeto mutuo. Se cree firmemente que la solución a los problemas que surgen en torno a la cuestión de la unidad de Etiopía es ampliar la democracia en el contexto de la unidad.

1.7 Unidad para la Democracia y la Justicia significa el respeto de los derechos humanos en todos sus aspectos y sin restricciones de los derechos democráticos, de la constitucionalidad, por el predominio de la regla de la ley, para elecciones libres y justas, por el predominio de un sistema multipartidista y para el pueblo es la única fuente de poder.

1.8 UDJ se guía por el principio democrático y la filosofía basada en la libertad del individuo. Se acepta el derecho de grupo como parte de este principio. También se basa en los valores de la socialdemocracia y la democracia de consenso a los que se consideran útiles para la unidad y el desarrollo de nuestro país.

1.9 UDJ está comprometido a construir un sistema económico dirigido por el mercado que ayuda a que el pueblo etíope de la pobreza y garantiza el desarrollo y la prosperidad social.

1,10 UDJ significa la construcción de un sistema social que garantice el bienestar social, la paz, el respeto mutuo, la convivencia y la seguridad en el empleo.

1.11 La institución de un poder judicial libre y el sistema de justicia, la creación de un sistema administrativo donde la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas prevalecerá, fortalecimiento de la gobernabilidad en las instituciones gubernamentales, así como en la sociedad en su conjunto será la misión de nuestro partido.

1.12 Garantizar el respeto de los derechos de las mujeres, niños, ancianos, personas con discapacidad y otros miembros de la sociedad que son víctimas de la exclusión social y garantizar que reciban el cuidado apropiado.

1.13 La lucha por la fundación de una relación sana y pacífica con la comunidad internacional que se basa en el respeto mutuo y la igualdad y protege los intereses del país y del pueblo.

2. UDJ modo de lucha y de resolver las diferencias

2.1 UDJ luchas por el predominio de una interacción civilizada política donde se respete el derecho de toda persona para promover su / sus puntos de vista e ideología libres de la fuerza y la represión.

2.2 UDJ es sinónimo de la lucha legal y pacífica, al darse cuenta perfectamente que la valiosa contribución que hace para el desarrollo sostenible, para la construcción de un sistema democrático y de reconciliación nacional que ha sido tan difícil de alcanzar para Etiopía durante mucho tiempo. Se considera que no es posible llevar a cabo y fortalecer un sistema político estable en el país, fuera del contexto de una lucha legal y pacífica. A pesar de que el espacio político que prevalece en el país es muy desfavorable para una lucha legal y pacífica, UDJ cree que el éxito puede lograrse mediante la adaptación y el fortalecimiento del método para adaptarse a las condiciones prevalecientes.

2.3 Unidad para la Democracia y la Justicia considera que, con el fin de la lucha legal y pacífica tenga éxito, es indispensable que exista una estrecha cooperación entre las fuerzas que han optado por esta modalidad de lucha que todos los etíopes se hacen para reunir en torno a esta cooperación. Con este fin, UDJ se compromete a trabajar con diligencia para contribuir con su parte a la expansión y el fortalecimiento de la Etiopía del Foro Federal de la Unidad Democrática (Medrek) y para la promoción de una forma superior de cooperación.

2.4 UDJ está convencido de que los diversos conflictos y los abusos que dieron sobre todo en las últimas dos generaciones en nuestro país tienen que ser resueltos no por las recriminaciones mutuas o por venganzas contra otros, sino por una reconciliación dentro del espíritu de la justicia. UDJ está plenamente convencido de que la reconciliación podría desempeñar un papel importante para allanar el camino para la política de nuestro país para enfocar, de manera que esté libre de rencor y odio, y llegar a entendimientos y acuerdos sobre los asuntos nacionales básicos y comunes.

2.5 UDJ está decidido a crear un ambiente de paz y reconciliación en el que los ciudadanos no sean considerados delincuentes por ser miembros de un grupo político o agencia de gobierno y en el que sus derechos sean plenamente respetados, siempre y cuando no hayan cometido delitos en el ámbito personal.

2.6 Al darse cuenta muy bien que la creación de la comprensión mutua en cuestiones básicas nacionales es necesario y urgente para el bienestar del país, UDJ prestará especial atención a este asunto y arreglar las condiciones adecuadas en el diálogo nacional se llevaría a cabo. Se tratará de llevar a cabo las partes que operan en paz en el país, incluyendo el partido de gobierno, a participar en el diálogo. También se esforzará para hacer su parte para alentar a los partidos políticos que operan en el extranjero y aquellos que han optado por dedicarse a la lucha armada para promover sus causas, adoptando el modo pacífico de lucha y de participar en el proceso de diálogo nacional.

2.7 Se toma en cuenta que puede ser necesario modificar algunas de las disposiciones de la Constitución con el fin de aplicar algunas de las cuestiones que se incluyen en este programa del partido. Mientras se trabaja dentro del orden constitucional y el fortalecimiento de ella, UDJ trabajará para crear una condición en la que podría ser la Constitución enmendada de acuerdo con el proceso previsto dentro de ella y como referéndum.

Teniendo en cuenta el entendimiento de que la actual Constitución está sujeta a mejoras, UDJ se da cuenta de que contiene en ella disposiciones que son de valor duradero. Por lo tanto, está dispuesta a trabajar, en colaboración con otras fuerzas democráticas, para la creación y fortalecimiento de las instituciones libres e independientes que protegen los derechos y las disposiciones de ser violado, y que haga las correcciones necesarias y hacer justicia cuando tales derechos son violados y las disposiciones .

3. Programa político de la Unidad para la Democracia y la Justicia

3.1 Estructura del sistema político

3.1.1 El sistema político se constitucionales y multipartidista. La estructura y organización del partido y del gobierno y de las organizaciones cívicas deben ser independientes.

3.1.2 La fuente de poder es la voluntad del pueblo. La voluntad del pueblo se expresa a través de una elección legalmente instituido y llevado a cabo con regularidad.

3.1.3 Nadie podrá tomar el poder o continuar mantenerse en el poder a menos elegidos por el pueblo.

3.1.4 toma del poder o continuar mantenerse en el poder sólo es posible a través de elecciones libres y justas y los resultados de los mismos a través de concursos y libre entre las partes basado en el imperio de la ley.

3.1.5 cuestiones políticas importantes se le dará respuestas políticas y las respuestas políticas wiall tener en cuenta no por la fuerza sino a través de medios pacíficos y democráticos y legales. Si esto no es posible, las cuestiones se señalarán a la gente para la toma a través de referéndum.

3.2 Estructura general del Estado

3.2.1 La estructura del Estado, será federal. No es un Estado federal y los estados regionales. La estructura regional del Estado se determinará con base en el principio que lleva a los siguientes factores en consideración:

a. geográfica de diseño, distribución de la población y la idoneidad para trabajos administrativos y de desarrollo,

b. cultura e historia,

c. el derecho de las naciones y nacionalidades para la autoadministración,

d. idoneidad para la creación de entendimiento nacional.

3.2.2 La estructura federal actual no es definitiva sino que mantiene los criterios establecidos anteriormente y se desarrolla en armonía con nuestro crecimiento económico y político.

3.2.3 Los órganos de la autoridad de los estados federales y regionales tendrán cada uno su parte de poder según lo determinado por la ley. Estará situado de tal manera que no interfiera en los asuntos internos del otro. Cada uno de ellos tendrá sus propios órganos legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial.

3.2.4 amárico servirá como idioma de trabajo del estado federal. Cuando sea aprobado por un referéndum, no puede haber otro idioma, además de amárico, que sirve como idioma de trabajo del estado federal.

3.2.5 El idioma de trabajo de cada Estado regional se determinará mediante un referéndum llevado a cabo por el pueblo en la región.

3.3 Estructura del Estado federal

3.3.1 el poder del Estado Federal se divide entre los órganos legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial y que se hará funcionar con libertad e independencia, sin la interferencia de uno en la jurisdicción de la otra.

3.3.2 El órgano legislativo tiene dos cámaras: la Cámara de Representantes del Pueblo y la Cámara de la Federación, los cuales son elegidos por el pueblo y la facultad de legislar leyes.

3.3.3. El poder de interpretar la Constitución se ejercerá por los tribunales. Las dos cámaras tienen el poder de legislar leyes, pero no para interpretar la Constitución o cualquier otra ley.

3.3.4 El órgano ejecutivo estará estructurado en torno a un presidente que es elegido directamente por el pueblo y cuyo mandato es limitado. El presidente será elegido por un período de cinco años, pero no por más de dos períodos consecutivos.

3.3.5 El Presidente tendrá el derecho a regresar al Parlamento un proyecto de ley que él / ella no acepta la deliberación. Si el mismo proyecto de ley con el apoyo de la Cámara de Representantes del Pueblo y la Cámara de la Federación por una mayoría de tres cuartos en su reunión conjunta, que se convertirá en ley a pesar de que no tiene la aprobación del Presidente.

3.3.6 Las posiciones en el órgano ejecutivo que se llevarán a cabo por nombramiento político deberá estar específicamente identificados. Todas las posiciones de autoridad y los nombramientos en el gobierno federal será determinada por la Cámara de Representantes del Pueblo solamente. La aprobación de los nombramientos se basará en un examen cuidadoso de las calificaciones de cada candidato.

3.3.7 El Servicio Civil, que está en el órgano ejecutivo, se organizó de una manera que es políticamente no partidista, basado en la capacidad y la cualificación y capaces de proporcionar un servicio transparente, responsable y eficiente.

3.4 Los derechos humanos y democráticos

3.4.1 Generales

3.4.1.1 y acuerdos internacionales continental en política, civil, asuntos sociales, económicos y culturales y las convenciones sobre las mujeres, los niños, las personas que viven con discapacidades y otros en los que Etiopía es un país signatario debe ser una parte integral de la legislación del país. Instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que protegen y aplicación de estos acuerdos y convenios se estableció y expandió.

3.4.1.2 Ninguna persona podrá ser sometida a cualquier tipo de abuso o discriminación por motivos de creencia de su / sus religiosas, posición política, sexo, raza, idioma, color de piel o cualquier otra razón.

3.4.1.3 Derechos de los ciudadanos a moverse libremente de un lugar a otro, para trabajar y vivir en las áreas de su elección, para ganar, poseer, usar, vender, intercambiar y heredar bienes en privado o en grupo serán respetados, los ciudadanos estarán protegidos del abuso físico o mental o la tortura. Ni serán privados de su libertad o sometidas a investigación o búsqueda sin una orden de la corte.

3.4.2 El respeto de los derechos humanos

3.4.2.1 Cualquier persona tiene el derecho inviolable a la vida. Ninguna persona podrá ser detenida fuera de la ley o encarcelados sin cargos.

3.4.2.2 El Gobierno garantizará la protección de la propiedad privada. Nadie podrá ser hecha a perder la riqueza de su / ella y fuera de la propiedad de su / voluntad o fuera de la orden de la corte. En el caso de que se requiere para utilizar la propiedad privada para el desarrollo común o la seguridad pública, el dueño de la propiedad tiene derecho a recibir una compensación adecuada en función del valor actual de mercado de la propiedad.

3.4.2.3 Unidad por la Democracia y la Justicia contra el terrorismo. Pero también se opone firmemente a la categorización de las oposiciones políticas, como los terroristas y la violación de los derechos dirigidos a la supresión de pensamiento libre en nombre de la lucha contra el terrorismo,

3.4.2.4 La Comisión Etíope de Derechos Humanos se estableció y organizó de una manera que le permita hacer frente a violaciónes de los derechos humanos libres de la influencia del órgano ejecutivo.

3.4.2.5 Nadie podrá ser encarcelado debido a su / sus opiniones políticas. Compatriotas que están en la cárcel a causa de sus opiniones políticas serán liberados. La Comisión Etíope de Derechos Humanos tendrá la facultad de casos directos de conocidos violaciónes de los derechos humanos de la Fiscalía General para que los cargos pueden ser presentadas.

3.4.2.6 Personas legalmente detenida o retenida debe ser considerado inocente hasta que legalmente se demuestre lo contrario. Permitir o no permitir la libertad bajo fianza sobre la base de la ley será determinada por el tribunal. Si el gobierno cree que los detenidos no deben ser liberados bajo fianza, deberá llevar la carga de la prueba ante el tribunal y no tomará ninguna medida que contrarreste la discreción de los tribunales a conceder libertad bajo fianza.

3.4.2.7 Las personas detenidas se llevará a cabo en las prisiones reconocidas. Prisiones legalmente reconocidos u ocultos en el país, se eliminarán. Las personas detenidas se llevará a cabo de tal manera que su dignidad humana sea respetada y sus derechos constitucionales están protegidos.

3.4.2.8 Según lo prescrito por la Constitución, los derechos de las personas detenidas para cumplir y ser visitados por sus cónyuges, parientes cercanos, amigos, consejeros religiosos, médicos y asesores jurídicos serán respetados.

3.4.3 La libertad de creencia religiosa y la igualdad

3.4.3.1 El derecho de todo ciudadano a seguir, promover o ampliar la religión de su / su decisión es respetada. No etíopes se les niegan los derechos y privilegios garantizados para todos los ciudadanos a causa de su / sus creencias religiosas.

3.4.3.2 La religión es personal, pero el país es comunitaria. Estado y la religión están separados. También lo son la religión y la política. Ya que no hay religión de Estado, no hay ninguna religión que se empeña en controlar el poder del Estado.

3.4.3.3 Todas las religiones son iguales ante la ley. Por lo tanto, el Estado trata a todas las religiones por igual y protege a todos por igual.

3.4.3.4 Unidad por la Democracia y la Justicia a trabajar diligentemente para asegurar que no hay tolerancia y el respeto entre las religiones en nuestro país.

3.4.4 El derecho a la libre expresión y los medios de comunicación

3.4.4.1 UDJ se lucha por el respeto y la protección de los derechos de todo ciudadano a mantener su / su opinión y expresar este punto de vista a través de cualquier medio, así como para recabar, recibir y difundir cualquier tipo de información o idea.

3.4.4.2 UDJ se asegurarán de que los medios de comunicación estatales son un foro para la libre difusión de la información y el libre flujo de ideas. Que se realizará a prestar sus servicios libre de partidismo político. Para garantizar esto, su organización y la administración será libre e independiente.

3.4.4.3 Las leyes de prensa y de difusión serán emitidas y ejecutadas con el fin de garantizar el respeto del derecho de los ciudadanos a la libre expresión garantizado por la Constitución. Por otra parte, el sector privado se anima a participar con fuerza en la electrónica, así como en los medios de prensa, junto con los medios de comunicación estatales. Institutos que cumplir adecuadamente la normativa se establecerá.

03/04/44 No habrá ningún tipo de censura abierta o encubierta. Tampoco habrá ningún tipo de presión directa o indirecta a los periodistas, editores o impresores para imponer la autocensura no deseado sobre sí mismos.

3.4.4.5 Internet y el teléfono de la voluntad, con sus ventajas tecnológicas completo, ser un medio por el cual los ciudadanos obtener o intercambiar información sin ningún temor. Acciones ilegales, tales como atascos, el cierre de las estaciones de sitio web y las escuchas telefónicas será abolido.

3.4.4.6 La libertad de expresión incluye la posibilidad de difundir las ideas de uno con la literatura, el teatro, meditando, canciones, cine, pintura y escultura.

3.4.4.7 Unidad por la Democracia y la Justicia da cuenta de que junto con la libertad de expresión, no son las responsabilidades de salvaguardar la independencia y los intereses de la nación, respetando las culturas de los pueblos y tradiciones, siendo de protección de la libertad y la dignidad de los demás como lo son de los nuestros y respetar la Constitución y demás leyes de la tierra.

3.4.5 El derecho de reunirse y llevar a cabo una manifestación pacífica

El derecho de los ciudadanos a reunirse, apoyar u oponerse, expresar sus opiniones en una manifestación pacífica, deje de trabajar, etc, se respetará la forma prescrita por la ley. Obstáculos jurídicos y administrativos creados para atentar contra este derecho serán eliminados.

3.4.6 La de montar

3.4.6.1 Los ciudadanos tienen derecho a organizarse en un partido político de su elección.

3.4.6.2 El derecho de los ciudadanos que trabajan en instituciones privadas y gubernamentales que se organicen en asociaciones y actuar con el fin de proteger sus intereses legítimos serán respetados.

3.4.6.3 Los ciudadanos participan en las diversas profesiones tienen el derecho a organizarse en asociaciones con el fin de ser capaces de prestar servicios útiles a la opinión pública, así como para proteger sus derechos relacionados con sus profesiones.

3.4.6.4 Condiciones se crearon asociaciones en donde el desarrollo, la ayuda filantrópica y se organizan libremente y hacer aportes concretos para el bienestar del país y el pueblo.

3.4.6.5 La mujer tendrá el derecho a organizarse en asociaciones con el fin de liberarse de las opresiones de género y culturales, para poder discutir asuntos de interés en relación con su género y para proteger sus derechos como mujeres.

3.4.6.6 Los jóvenes tienen derecho a organizarse de una manera que les permita participar en los deportes, las artes y otras actividades de la creatividad, así como para desarrollar su capacidad como la generación de los herederos de este país.

3.4.6.7 Cualquier organización sin fines de política tiene el derecho a presentarse a sus objetivos y de los derechos de sus miembros sin estar obligado a tomar partido en ningún asunto político.

3.4.6.8 No puede haber asociaciones organizadas sobre la base de una estructura partidaria. Estas organizaciones se distinguen claramente de las organizaciones civiles libres y una condición, se creará en la que ambos operarían libremente, cada uno mantiene su propio carácter.

3.4.6 El derecho de las naciones / nacionalidades

3.4.61 Dado que Etiopía tiene una población de más de setenta millones de dólares y es el hogar de muchas naciones y nacionalidades, UDJ da cuenta de que el respeto de la igualdad y satisfacer los intereses y preocupaciones de todas las personas es un asunto que merece la máxima atención. En consecuencia, se debe trabajar con diligencia por lo que Etiopía es un país donde las naciones y nacionalidades, libre de prejuicios y donde la igualdad está garantizada.

04/03/62 Etiopía muchas naciones y nacionalidades, que tienen pequeñas poblaciones. Ninguna nación o nacionalidad se impone su voluntad a otra nación o nacionalidad únicamente sobre la base de que tiene una mayoría. Tampoco será una nación o nacionalidad se ven obligados a aceptar una decisión en contra de su voluntad sobre la base de que es una minoría. Todas las naciones / nacionalidades se destacan por el respeto de los derechos de cada nación / nacionalidad y cada nación / nacionalidad se levantará por el respeto de los derechos de todas las naciones / nacionalidades y ser guiados por el espíritu de compromiso para el bien de la unidad y la unión .

03/04/63 UDJ respeta el derecho de las naciones / nacionalidades a sí mismos administrar y desarrollar sus áreas. During the determination of boundaries among regions, this right shall be duly implemented in coordination with other rights. Nations and nationalities included in a given region have the right to administer themselves at various levels and to participate in higher levels of government.

3.4.64 The rights of nations/nationalities to use their languages and to preserve, develop and promote their cultures and other values that express their identity will be respected.

3.4.65 Nations and nationalities shall have a fair share in the allocation of state power, resources and development opportunities. In order to bring nations/nationalities to comparable levels of development, special assistance will be provided to those that are at lower levels of development.

3.4.66 Citizens living within a regional or a lower administration shall have the privilege to enjoy the rights that other citizens in the region have.

3.4.7 Guaranteeing gender equality

3.4.71 Gender equality will be guaranteed by eliminating the long tradition of perceiving women as lower beings and by correcting the distorted relationship prevailing between women and men.

3.4.72 The political participation and leadership role of women will be strengthened by providing to them the necessary assistance and support.

3.4.73 Women will be given special support to encourage and strengthen their participation in the economic, health, education and other fields.

3.5 Holding power or continuing in power is possible only through a free, fair and just election

To put an end, for good, the practice of taking and relinquishing power through force and bloodshed that has long prevailed in our country, UDJ will implement the following.

3.5.1 There will be a neutral election board that has the confidence of the electorate as well as of the opposition parties. The members of the board will be selected through the close consultation of stakeholders and presented for appointment.

3.5.2 To ensure that the appointed or hired officers to the various levels, starting from the office of the board to the lowest echelon, are capable of carrying out the awesome national mission entrusted to them free from partiality, their selection will be based on capability and carried out in a manner that is transparent.

3.5.3 To make elections credible, domestic and international observers will be invited to participate. A system would be designed to ensure the neutrality of domestic observers. Public observers will be elected by the people in the presence of representatives of opposition parties. Every effort will be made to make election observed as widely as possible.

3.5.4 Members of the Civil Service who compete in an election but do not win shall have the right to return to their work places or to be assigned to other equivalent jobs.

3.5.5 When citizens who have been serving as deputies of the people complete their service, they will be granted honour for the service they had rendered and returned to their former or equivalent work.

3.5.7 The following changes and adjustments will be made in order to avoid unnecessary delays and disputes;

03/05/71 Las elecciones se llevarán a cabo al mismo tiempo en todas las regiones.

3.5.72 Election results will be made public within seventy-two hours at the latest.

3.5.73 University students will be made to vote either at the university in which they are or in their home constituency. The choice shall be left to them.

3.5.74 The right of Ethiopians living abroad to participate in elections from where they are is guaranteed.

3.5.75 Special courts will be established to adjudicate on election matters.

3.5.8 When a deputy loses the confidence of the people that elected him/her, he/she loses his/her mandate only as prescribed by the law.

3.6 The rule of law and the independence of the judiciary

3.6.1 There will be a distinct division of power and a strictly implemented system of checks and balances among the legislative, executive and judicial bodies of the state.

3.6.2 There will be a system that would enable the selection and appointment of judges to be based on legal knowledge, experience and integrity. Judges will perform their duties free from pressure or interference from outside elements.

3.6.3 La oficina del Fiscal General se organizó e hizo operar libres del Ministerio de Justicia y otros órganos ejecutivos. La tarea de los fiscales generales es garantizar el respeto de la ley y no ser un instrumento para llevar a cabo los deseos políticos del gobierno. Procuradores Generales se autorizará de forma que cada vez que creen que un crimen ha sido cometido, que podría iniciar cargos contra nadie, incluyendo a altos funcionarios del órgano ejecutivo.

3.6.4 Para mejorar los procedimientos en relación con la iniciación, la aprobación y aplicación de las leyes, las prácticas se aplicarán los siguientes.

3.6.5 Condiciones se crearon leyes en la que puede ser iniciado por la Cámara de Representantes de los Pueblos en sí, así como por el pueblo. La Casa tendrá el tiempo suficiente para examinar y debatir los proyectos de ley remitidos por el órgano ejecutivo. Siempre que sea necesario, puede invitar a los ciudadanos con el conocimiento para la consulta con el fin de obtener una mejor comprensión de los problemas y ser capaz de llegar a decisiones acertadas.

3,7 de políticas y programas de la Unidad para la Democracia y la Justicia, de Defensa Nacional, Seguridad y Fuerzas Policiales

3.7.1 Generales

03/07/11 Las fuerzas de defensa, la seguridad y la policía será entregado a la fecha y cualitativos de formación profesional y el apoyo que les permita llevar a cabo las funciones que les encomiende la ley en el contexto de nuestras preocupaciones nacionales y de la geo- condiciones políticas que prevalecen en nuestra región.

03/07/12 Las instituciones de las fuerzas de defensa, la seguridad y la policía se organizará como órganos permanentes que no cambian como cambian los gobiernos y no de ninguna manera estar afiliado a ningún partido político.

03/07/13 El derecho de los miembros de las fuerzas armadas, de seguridad y policiales a votar y, después de ser liberado de las fuerzas, para ser elegido, está garantizado.

3.7.13 Para asegurarse de que el órgano legislativo tiene su propio papel en materia de defensa y seguridad nacional, tendrá en su interior un comité de la facultad de pie en defensa y seguridad.

3.7.14 Cualquier misión en el extranjero dado a nuestra fuerza de defensa será cuidadosamente examinado por el cuerpo legislativo en cuanto a su necesidad y aprobado con las directrices necesarias. No habrá misiones en el extranjero que no esté aprobado por el órgano legislativo. El cuerpo legislativo se asegura de que las fuerzas de defensa que se asigna a una misión cuenta con el equipamiento necesario y la organización y que sus derechos y beneficios es asegurado.

07/03/15 Los acuerdos militares con gobiernos extranjeros y el campamento y el movimiento de soldados extranjeros en nuestro suelo debe tener previo conocimiento y aprobación del cuerpo legislativo.

07/03/16 Sin perjuicio de la Presidente es el Comandante en Jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas, habrá una que establece la ley de Defensa Nacional y el Consejo de Seguridad que busca la defensa y los asuntos de seguridad y los gráficos de las medidas de política.

3.7.2 En la Defensa Nacional

3.7.21The misión de la Fuerza de Defensa Nacional será para proteger la soberanía e integridad territorial de Etiopía. The Force will not be engaged in repressing peaceful domestic demonstrations or political differences in the name of maintaining peace and security. In a state of emergency, the tasks given to the Defense Force must be clearly specified and stated in the emergency proclamation.

3.7.22 The Ethiopian nations/nationalities shall have a balanced representation at all levels in the Force. The unproportional representation seen at the level of senior officers shall be remedied appropriately.

3.7.23 Opportunities for promotion and professional training in the Force shall be open to all in a manner that is free from partiality and the internal administration of the Force shall be just and made to maintain the standard required by the profession.

3.7.24 Given that the military profession is a field of employment where one serves one's country and at the same time manages one's self and family, the men and women in uniform shall be guaranteed job security. No member of the force will be dismissed from the Force outside of what is prescribed by the law. Members discharged from the Force shall have their legal rights and privileges respected.

3.7.25 There will be a system in place for ensuring that soldiers discharged due to being disabled in war and heirs to members of the Force that fell while on combat duty receive the benefits and honors due to them. Every effort will be made to ensure that the wellbeing of members of the Force who fall into enemy hands through capture is respected according to international conventions.

3.7.26 Every effort will be made to ensure that the Defense Force is equipped with the necessary weapons and supplies and that it has quality training institutions that enhance its capability and combat readiness.

3.7.3 On Immigration and Security Authority

3.7.31 Given that there is the task of gathering information and surveillances on suspects for the sake of national and public security, care shall be taken to ensure that this task is carried in a manner that it is not taken as an excuse for interfering with the freedom and private life of citizens and does not create an atmosphere of fear and terror. Illegal surveillances will be identified and listed.

3.7.32 Employments, promotions and other related matters carried out by the Authority shall be free from political partiality and will be based on professional competence and commitment to the security of the nation.

3.7.4 On the Police

3.7.41 All internal security tasks of preventing crimes and apprehending criminals will be within the jurisdiction of the police. The national defense force will not participate in these tasks. As there are Federal Police and Correction Centers Police, there can also be Border Security Police and Economic Security (Finance) Police established as needed. All these forces shall be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skill that would enable them to carry out their duties with competence.

3.7.42 The task of the Federal Police will be to ensure that human and democratic rights of citizens are respected and implemented according to the law and not to prevent citizens from enjoying these rights. It will be equipped with the knowledge and skill that would enable it to prevent crime and to pursue and apprehend criminals with professional competence. Its membership will have a balanced national representation.

3.4.73 In the regions, the institutions of the police will not engage in any activity that is outside of their constitutional duties.

3.4.74 Outside of the regular Defense Force, efforts will be made to establish a well organized and conscientized regional militia forces that are responsible to the regional administrations and in which citizens can actively participate in ensuring peace and security in their regions and protecting their country from any foreign aggression. Such militias will be strictly independent from any political organization.

3.8 Policy of Unity for Democracy and Justice on foreign relations and regional peace and security

3.8.1 General

3.8.11 The relationship of Ethiopia with other countries and governments is based on the principles of long-term mutual benefits, equality, mutual respect and non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations.

3.8.12 Our foreign relation will be formulated in such a way that it enables us to solve the problems that confront us regionally and to protect our long term interests.

3.8.13 As Ethiopia is in the forefront among the founders of the Organization of African Unity and the symbol of Africa's struggle for freedom, as well as the seat of the African Union and the UN Economic Commission for Africa, UDJ will strive to make it a model country where human and democratic rights are protected, where power is assumed through free and fair elections only and where the rule of law is respected and peaceful freedom and internal stability prevails.

3.8.14 UDJ will work to develop a foreign policy that recognizes that Ethiopia is part of the international community and understands the international situation and enables the country to benefit from the flow of resources received in the form of development aid and loan and to contribute its fair share to the wellbeing of the international community.

3.8.15 The system of appointment in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will be based on national loyalty, professional competence and experience and special attention shall be given to ensuring that high officials and ambassadors working in the ministry are capable of representing, promoting and protecting the interests of Ethiop on international forums.

3.8.2 On boundary affairs with neighbouring countries

3.8.21 Ethiopia will hold a comprehensive discussion with all the neighbouring countries in order to define the borders it has with them.

3.8.22 UDJ rejects the Algiers Agreement because it does not protect the interests of Ethiopia. Convinced that the agreement was wrong and realizing that it has been abrogated by Eritrea, UDJ believes that there should be a new and comprehensive negotiation with Eritrea that takes into consideration the interests and concerns of both countries and will work with determination for the realization of this objective.

3.8.23 We believe that there should be negotiations aimed at coming up with a lasting solution to problems involving the agreements between the former governments of Ethiopia and Sudan and the territorial possessions claimed by the peoples of two countries. The negotiations and their outcomes should be known and approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives prior to implementation.

3.9.3 On outlet to the sea

3.9.31 UDJ believes that, based on history and international law, Ethiopia has the right to a sovereign ownership of an outlet to the sea. Given the special nature of our region and the condition in which our country finds itself, the protection of this right is not only a matter of economic growth but also of national security and survival. With the belief that Ethiopia deserves to have the port of Assab, UDJ is determined to pursue a diplomatic struggle to enable Ethiopia to own the said sea outlet through peaceful and legal means.

3.9.32 To allay the fears of Eritreans regarding Ethiopia's claim of an outlet to the sea, UDJ is determined to explore all alternative means to find a win-win solution that would make both parties equal beneficiaries.

3.9.32 For the short term, Ethiopia will negotiate and come to agreement with all the neighbouring countries that have seaports in order to increase its outlet alternatives.

3.9.10 On transnational rivers

3.9.10.1 UDJ realizes that there have been no agreements between Ethiopian governments and governments of the neighbouring countries that properly protect the interests of Ethiopia regarding the use of the Nile water. In view of this, it will call for serious and in-depth negotiations aimed at reaching and signing agreements that would guarantee the equitable use of the water resource among all the riparian states. In addition to the Nile, the same work will be done on other transnational rivers that involve Ethiopia.

3.10.2 As the rivers flow into the countries surrounding our country, all efforts shall be made to prevent any conflict from arising as a result of a lack of awareness or a desire to promote selfish interests in the utilization of these rivers. In this process, there shall be no deals with anyone that would betray the basic interests of the nation. Our country shall pursue the policy of using its water as much as its resources would allow it and at the same time engage in extensive negotiations to develop better awareness among stakeholders. Our policy shall be guided by the principle of understanding the concerns surrounding our region and protecting the long-term interests of our country without affecting negatively the interests of our neighbours.

4, Economic Programme of Unity for Democracy and Justice

4. 1 General

4.1.1 UDJ will pursue a policy of a market-led economy designed to bring about sustained development and to improve the general standard and social life of the people. The policy takes the enabling of the youth to be nation builders as one of its major objectives by creating new job opportunities for them. In connection with making cities suitable for habitation and enabling rural towns to become centers of development for their surroundings, jobs and training opportunities for the urban and rural unemployed and infrastructure works will be planned and implemented. In the economy that is to be built, special attention will be given to improving the life of the citizens who have the lowest standard of living.

4.1.2 UDJ will follow an overall direction of development that is balanced and where each sector plays its proper role and where all sectors move along in mutual support. There will be a planned interconnection where agriculture is supported by irrigated farming and modern technology and is extricated from the chaos in which it finds itself at present, where it is interlinked with industry through agro-processing and where industry is not a trailer of agriculture but both grow side by side in mutual support. Mining, Energy, Construction, Education and other sectors also would be made to move forward in an integrated manner to bring about sustainable development.

4.1.3 The Ethiopian people are the foundation of general development. Therefore, the focus of the economic policy will be on the creation and strengthening of national economic forces. There will be free and impartial support for domestic investors. UDJ will support domestic investors by developing means that would enable them to emerge as capable competitors among international investors and to enhance their development initiatives. Ethiopians in the Diaspora will be encouraged to come into their country with confidence and to participate in its development. Foreign investors will be encouraged to participate in major development programmes that are not covered by domestic investors. There will be special incentive mechanisms for foreign investments that bring with them large capitals and technology transfers.

4.1.5 The right of every Ethiopian to engage in any profession and field of work, to own property, to create, possess and use wealth and to transfer it legally to others will be guaranteed. No property of a citizen shall be confiscated. However, when the government finds it necessary to use a property owned by an individual for the purpose of public and national use, it can take that property by paying to the owner immediately a compensation based on the current market.

4.1.6 Building strong national institutions that create favorable conditions for growth and prosperity is the first major responsibility of a government. The government will take stabilizing measures whenever there is a high level of unemployment, a weakening of the economy, a growing inflation, an increase in budget deficit and other problems. Furthermore, projects like infrastructure and development organizations that happen to require large capital, or whose feasibility is uncertain, or are strategically important, or are of long-term return will be handled by the government independently or in partnership with private investors. Rapid measures will be taken to transfer state owned development enterprises to private ownership or administration.

4.1.7 Any political party will be prevented from owning any institution that is used for earning wealth directly or indirectly. The ruling party will be made to take its hands out of the economic enterprises that it manages under various names.

4.1.8. The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission will be reestablished and reorganized in a manner that frees it from being a political tool and enables it to fight corruption, which is detrimental to development, with greater determination.

4.1.9 The capacity and freedom of the General Audit Commission will be strengthened in a manner that would enable it to ensure that the wealth and budget of the state is properly administered and put to use.

4.1.10. Determined efforts will be made to expand land transport in order to strengthen our market activities with neighbouring countries and to reduce our business dependency on distant countries. Besides, railway lines and electricity-powered transport will be built and expanded in order to make land transport rapid, efficient and economical.

4.2 The policy of Unity for Democracy and Justice on ownership of land and other natural resources

4,2,1 Rural or urban land not owned by the state or by the community is the private property of the Ethiopian people.

4.2.2 Concerning rural land

4.2.2.1There will be three kinds of ownership;

a) Lands that are uninhabited and undeveloped, until they are eventually distributed to the people, will remain in the hands of the state and rented or leased to investors for development.

b) Grazing lands, places allotted for community use, major highways and grazing areas of pastoralists will be held communally.

c) Land that is under the ownership of the farmer will be the private property of that farmer.

4.2.1.2 The right of every owner of land to develop, care for, rent, sell, exchange or bequeath that land to others in the form of present or inheritance will be protected by the law. A security mechanism will be in place to protect farmers from being displaced massively from their land during times of famine or other crises.

4.2.1.3 When land privately owned by an individual is needed for public purposes, appropriate compensation

based on the current value shall be paid to that owner.

4.2.2 On urban land 4.2.2.1 A carefully studied means will be sought to solve the problem being caused by the troublesome ownership of government and kebele houses. Until then, when house under government and kebele administration are demolished for various reasons, former owners of the houses who were receiving compensation will continue to do so. The renters will be given equivalent shelters in exchange.

4.2.2.2 Urban land originally owned outside of lease will be recognized as belonging to the owners. Owners will not be displaced from their land without adequate cause. If they are to be displaces for appropriate causes, they will be given due compensation. The compensation will not be less than the current lease price of the land. Citizens displaced from the rural areas may be given adequate urban land to help them have better security in their new life.

4.2.2.3 A system will be established by which urban land is administered in a manner that is transparent and accountable.

4.2.3 Lakes, rivers and waterways, mountains, large forests, national parks, wild animals and minerals will be owned by the state and used to provide benefits and services to the people. Attention will be given to the special benefits to be enjoyed by the people living in the areas where these resources are found.

4.3 Policy on desertification, depletion of natural resources and prevention of environmental pollution

4.3.1 To preserve and utilize our soil and water resources that are being wasted, a strategy of forest development and soil and water preservation will be designed and implemented in a manner that enables the people to be active participants in and beneficiaries of the development. Safety Net and aid resources will be used to preserve our natural resources and to create value.

4.3.2 Safety Net and aid resources will be used for the protection and development of our natural resources and for the creation of value

4.3.3. To protect our forest resources from depletion due to the massive use of firewood and charcoal, a scheme will be designed to provide the people with alternative sources of energy for affordable prices.

4.3.4 Aware of the pollution that industries are causing on the environment and of the negative effects of this pollution on our present and future development, a system of control and protection will be designed and implemented.

4.3.5 Although the increase of global temperature and its resulting damages harm all countries, developing countries like Ethiopia suffer more due to lack of adequate capacity to endure the devastation. Measures will be taken to build the national and regional capacity of our country to withstand disasters like floods, epidemic diseases and other calamities caused by the change in global temperature.

4.4 Policies on agricultural development

4.4.1 General

4.4.1.1 To free agriculture from dependence on rain and enable it to increase its production, adequate budget will be allocated for the development of irrigation and for the expansion of irrigated farming. Investors will be provided with the necessary incentives and security and encouraged to engage in extensive irrigation farming.

4.4.1.2 The farmer will be encouraged to increase his production by using his own indigenous seeds, as well as hybrid seeds, and appropriate agricultural inputs.

4.4.1.3 A scheme will be devised to abolish the practice where a farmer who loses his products due to natural disaster is forced to sell all of his property in order to pay debts incurred when buying agricultural inputs on credit.

4.4.1.4 Arrangements will be made where the farmer could obtain tractor rental service to enable him to prepare his soil for planting on time. Wherever possible, rental combiner services would be available to enable the famer to harvest his crops efficiently and with minimal wastage.

4.4.1.5 Development workers trained with public resources will be made available to provide professional service to the farmer in a manner that is free from politics.

4.41.6 Just as the government receives debt relief from international lending institutions in order to help it achieve food self-sufficiency and to enable it to come out of the vicious circle of dependency, the famer will receive subsidies for his agricultural works.

4.4.1.7 The development of our animal resource will be supported by modern technology and adequate capital flow to enable it to contribute its proper share to the overall development of the country. The focus will be not on quantity but on quality animals with high yield.

4.4.2 Expanding modern agriculture

4.4.2.1 Special attention will be given to the expansion of modern farms that produce adequate food for national consumption as well as raw materials for industries.

4.4.2.2 Measures will be taken to ensure that large farms given to foreign investors are such that they introduce modern technology, enable to reduce unemployment and do not create environmental pollution.

4.4.2.3 Domestic investors will be given government support and encouraged to engage in the development of large and modern farms.

4.4.2.4 A system of inspection and control would be put in place to ensure that the health of farmers working on large farms is adequately protected.

4.4.2.5 The government will build large dams to encourage investors and farmers to develop modern irrigation farms by using the dam water at affordable cost.

4.4.2.6 Agricultural products that have no strong link with the growth and development of our country but are produced for the purpose of earning foreign currency only are competing for the land used for producing food. There will be changes in the direction of activities related to the production of these crops.

4.4.3 The development of forest resource

4.4.3.1 A special policy of investment will be formulated to make the development of forest resource, supported by knowledge and capital, a viable field of investment.

4.4.3.2 The various industries that use our forest resource will be expanded. The production of a variety of medicines using our forest resources will be encouraged.

4.4.3.3 Our forest resource will be owned by the state, the communities and individuals and coordinated programmes and projects for its development will be formulated and implemented.

4.4.3.4 Our forestry professionals will be made to participate actively and contribute their share to our programme of activities to rehabilitate and develop our forests.

4.5 Industrial policies

4.5.1 A strong linkage will be created between industry and agriculture by making industry use products of the agricultural sector and agriculture use products of the industrial sector as their inputs in their production process.

4.5.2

4.5.3 Special attention will be given to micro- and small industries and their growth will be linked with the growth and development of medium and large industries.

4.5.4 Special efforts will be made to produce domestically industrial products that we import in large quantities.

4.5.5 Reliable and sustained growth is achieved only through conducting economic and social development based on knowledge. Therefore, special emphasis will be given to science and technology in general and to information and communication technology (ICT) in particular.

4.5.5 Industries that are in the hands of the state will be privatized without delay and strengthened with new technology so that they would be able to contribute their share to the economic growth of the country. Those industries that are not privatized due to various reasons will be put under capable management so that they would be able to continue as successful and profitable enterprises.

4.5.6 A system of control will be laid out to prevent the wastes coming out of industries from harming the environment and the people working in them or living in the surrounding areas.

4.6 Policy on urban development and construction

4.6.1 Our cities will be planned and grow on the basis of plans. Our rural towns will, from the beginning, be established and made to grow so that they would be centers of micro- and small industries and of trade, as well as creators of alternative job opportunities for the rural people, especially for women and the youth.

4.6.2 Our cities will be provided with the necessary supplies of water, electricity and modern information technology (ICT) and they will have well planned internal network of roads as well as an efficient system of waste disposal so that they would become proper centers for development.

4.6.3 Our cities will have appropriate administration and adequate social service institutions to make them suitable for living as well as for development.

4.6. Mortgage banks will be expanded and strengthened to help accelerate housing development and to make it possible for citizens who have the financial means to take bank loans and build homes. Those citizens who do not have the financial means will be provided with subsidies from the government to enable them to buy or rent homes built and made available by local municipalities.

4.6.5. Urban development will be carried out in a manner that would help to reduce unemployment and enable women and youth to participate in the development. To that end, women and the youth will be given adequate training in construction and other related works so that they will be active participants in the construction sector.

4.7 On development of our water resource

4.7.1 Our water resource will be put to maximum use based on a studied and coordinated approach. We will have strong domestic institutions that would enable us to study and appropriately use our water resource.

4.7.2 To extricate ourselves from hunger, we will dam our rivers and exploit our underground water to expand our irrigation capacity and to help us increase our food production so that we would be able to extricate ourselves from hunger and become self-sufficient in food.

4.7.3. Millions of our citizens will be enabled to have access to clean drinking water.

4.7.4 Protective and controlling measures will be taken to prevent our rivers and lakes from being polluted and from being filled with sediment.

4.7.5 Arrangements will be made to enable professionals in the field to enhance their capacity, to organize themselves and to acquire training and experience.

4.8 On the supply of energy

4.8.1 To enable our citizens to be users of modern energy and to satisfy the ever-growing demand of industry and other sectors for energy in an adequate and sustained manner, special attention will be given to the development and implementation of an energy programme.

4.8.2 Although our country has numerous alternative sources of energy, only a limited amount of these sources has been utilized. Therefore, special attention will be given to obtaining energy from natural gas, biogas, biodiesel, wind, sun and other sources by using modern technology.

4.8.4 The construction of hydro electric dams will continue in a manner that takes the development of irrigation into consideration. The construction of dams will be carried out free from corruption and based on careful studies. Major attention will be given to the gradual building and strengthening of domestic capacity in this sector.

4.9 On the study and development of our mineral resource

4.9.1 In order to be able to put our mineral resource to good use in the development of the country, adequate budget will be provided for carrying out a comprehensive study of the mineral potential of the country and for indicating that potential on a geological map. A policy of mineral development will be formulated in order to strengthen the search for oil and other strategic minerals.

4.9.2 A control system will be put in place to ensure that communities that live in areas where there are valuable minerals such as gold and oil will have royalty rights and to prevent damages on other natural resources.

4.10 On transport and communication

4.10.1 Telecommunication

4.10.1.1 The monopolistic ownership of the Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation by the state will be abolished. Private investors with adequate capital and appropriate management skill will be encouraged to participate in the sector.

4.10.1.2 Special attention will be paid to ensuring that the present telecommunications service meets the high quality standards and that its distribution is continuously expanded.

4.10.1.3 Ethiopians will be enabled to use modern information and communication technology without any kind of limitation.

4.10.2 Postal Service

Efficient and quality postal service will be expanded throughout the country and privacy of correspondence will be guaranteed.

4.10.3 Transport Service

4.10.3.1There will be a modern and convenient mass transport system that will provide the people in Addis Ababa and in other major cities rapid and efficient service. Private investors will be encouraged to participate in this sector so that the people will have alternative means of transport

4.10.3.2 To encourage domestic investors to participate in providing adequate air transport service, the limitation on the number of seats in privately operated airplanes will be lifted.

4.11 On Financial Service

4.11.1 Domestic investors and banks will be enabled to be shareholders in the state banks in the country in order to enhance the financial capacity of the country.

4.11.2 Development banks that extend long-term loans to investors that engage in long-term development activities will be expanded and strengthened.

4.11.3 An efficient loaning system will be devised to enable citizens to obtain loans easily and to expand economic activities.

4.11.4 Revenues such as VAT collected by the government will be transparent and made to take the income of the people into consideration. The practice of short-term enrichment that is hurting legal and responsible merchants will be checked and all merchants will be made to pay the required tax in a uniform manner.

4.11.4 The condition in which international financial institutions are to operate in Ethiopia will be determined on the basis the contributions they make to the promotion of the interests of the country.

4.12 Tourism

Tourism will be expanded in a manner that preserves the cultures and moral values of the nation. Areas considered to be tourist attractions will be provided with special infrastructure to make them suitable for tourists. Private investors will be encouraged to participate in this economic sector.

4.13 On the development of pastoral areas

4.13.1The development of pastoral areas will be planned in a manner that takes the existing environment into consideration and that causes minimum disruption to the lifestyle of the inhabitants.

4.13.2 Given that the inhabitants in the pastoral areas earn their living by raising cattle, special attention will be given to development that enables animal husbandry and its bi-products to flourish.

4.14 On Resettlement

Every effort will be made to create various job opportunities to help the people solve their problems where they are. If conditions are such that the people could not be helped to be self-sufficient where they are, a carefully studied and well planned resettlement will be carried out in a manner that does not exert undue pressure on the environment.

5. The Ppolicy of Unity for Democracy and Justice on Social Affairs

5.1 Unemployment

5.1.1 Small scale industries and handicraft sectors that are supported by the government, as well as by the private sector, and that create job opportunities will be established throughout the urban and rural areas of the country and groups and individuals will be provided with the necessary support in microfinance and occupational training.

5.1.2 The farmer will be trained vocationally and provided with job opportunities by opening and expanding agro-industries in the rural areas.

5.1.3 UDJ will formulate and rapidly implement a socio-economic policy that distributes to citizens job opportunities in the civil service and other government owned institutions in a manner that is faire, based on merit and guarantees due promotion in the career structure.

5.2 Poverty Reduction

5.2.1The poverty that is rampant in the country is caused by the absence of democracy and good governance. UDJ will formulate a poverty eradication strategy based on the empowerment and active participation of the people.

5.2.2 Avoiding exclusive reliance on foreign aid, UDJ will allocate a special poverty reduction fund and formulate and expand strategies for creating job opportunities that would enable people in the urban, as well as in the rural areas, to engage in various income generating activities.

5.2.3 The farmer will be helped to succeed in his effort to extricate himself from poverty by providing him with agricultural inputs on credit and with close professional advice. The rural people, particularly the youth and women, will be enabled to engage in income generating activities outside of farming such as in agro-industries or other sectors.

5.2.4 The urban people, particularly the youth and women, will be provided with technical training to enable them to be self-sufficient through their own initiative and with the support of the government.

5.3 On Manpower Migration and Exile

5.3.1 The migration and exile of highly trained citizens will be checked by establishing a democratic system in the country and encouraging those citizens to live and work at home and contribute to the growth and development of their nation. Particularly highly trained medical doctors, scientists, engineers, etc, will be invited to participate, without any political pressure, in the formulation and implementation of critical policies. For their service, they will be given remunerations comparable to those given to their foreign colleagues and conditions will be created to enable them to lead a comfortable life.

5.3.2 Unrelenting efforts will be made to create and expand job opportunities in various economic sectors so that citizens could earn a decent living through their labour and be saved from the cruel and degrading life of refugees in exile. If and when citizens are victims of abuse as refugees in exile, every effort will be made to have their honour and rights protected according to the international convention on refugees.

5.3.4 Conditions will be created wherein our compatriots, particularly the youth, that migrate to the city due to the scarcity of rural land and other causes, could become productive citizens by being employed in large private farms and other development projects established by cities and towns at various administrative levels.

5.4 Education

5.4.1 The end of secondary education will be raised to the completion of Grade 12. First Degree university education will be given for at least 4 years and education administration personnel will be assigned only on the basis of educational qualification and experience and free from political considerations.

5.4.2 The institutions of higher learning, from the lowest to the highest, will be reorganized and upgraded step by step and its manpower provided with quality training so that they would be able to provide their students education that meets international standards. Furthermore, research activities in institutions of higher learning and in others will be made to focus on finding solutions to problems facing the country. Adequate support will be provided for such efforts.

5.4.3 The self-contained class approach, which is being implemented in the first cycle of elementary education at present in the absence of essential pre-conditions, will be abolished because it is having negative effects on the quality of education.

5.4.3 The policy of the use of language of learning in the first cycle of elementary education will be made to be uniform throughout the country. The Government will do everything it can to make it possible for Amharic and any other language that may be chosen to serve as a working language at the federal level to be taught in government schools. The students will be made to study any one or both of these working languages. These languages, including English, will be given in government as well as in private schools throughout the country in a uniform manner. Favorable conditions will be created wherein national languages would be given as subjects of study at the various administrative levels in their respective regions where they are spoken.

5.4.6 In order to eradicate illiteracy and to expand integrated functional adult education among the farmers and workers, an extensive and nation-wide adult education programme will be formulated and implemented.           

5.4.7 Regular as well as vocational education given starting from the elementary school to grade 12 will be free. Technical and vocational trainings given beyond grade 12 will also be free. University education will be provided on a cost-sharing basis.

5.4.8 Regular as well as higher private educational institutions will be monitored and provided with the necessary support to ensure that the quality of their education maintains the required standards.

5.4.9 Favorable conditions will be created to enable students' and teachers' associations to be created and to function freely at the institutional as well as at the national levels. Every educational institution will be enabled to enjoy academic freedom.

5.5 On Health Services

5.5.1 Sustained activities of disease control and prevention will be carried out throughout the regions of the country. To this end, a health policy will be designed and implemented.

5.5.2 Health institutions owned by the government will be staffed by competent professionals and provided with proper medical equipment and adequate supply of medicine.

5.5.3 The environment will be protected from pollutants. Environmental health will be expanded in the urban as well as in the rural areas. Relentless efforts will be made to provide clean drinking water to all the people and priority will be given to eradicating water-borne diseases.

5.5.4 There will be monitoring, control and support to ensure that private health institutions provide quality services and that their service fees are within the people's ability to pay. Furthermore, the government will subsidize the cost of medicine.

5.5.5 Doctors and other health professionals will be appropriately remunerated for their services and favorable working conditions will be created for them.

5.5.6 The social and economic problems caused by HIV/AIDS are among the many problems plaguing this country. Therefore, appropriate measures of training and protection will be taken. Furthermore extensive works of prevention will be undertaken against communicable diseases like malaria and tuberculosis that are major causes of death.

5.5.7 Research will be conducted on the widely used traditional medicine and medical practice in order to improve the quality and standard of its application and to enable it to enhance the general health service that is provided to the people.

5.5.8 A system will be established to ensure that health services are provided according to the standards required by the profession, that there is accountability and that appropriate measures are taken against violations of the professional code of ethics.

5.6 On Social Security

5.6.1 Citizens will be provided as much support as permitted by the country's available resource to help them meet the basic requirements of food, clothing, shelter, medical service, etc.

5.6.2 Citizens displaced from their jobs or are made to leave their jobs before reaching the retirement age for various reasons will be given retirement or compensation payment commensurate with their service immediately.

5.6.3 Conditions will be created wherein citizens that are disabled due to natural disasters or accidents would be gainfully employed and be able to support themselves.

5.6.4 Payment made to pensioners will be adjusted taking into consideration price inflations and rises in the cost of living.

5.6.5 An organization will be established that will mobilize domestic and foreign support and provide immediate assistance to citizens affected by natural or manmade disaster.

5.7 On Women

5.7.1 Women shall have the right to acquire wealth, to own property and to inherit on equal basis with men.

5.7.2 Women shall have the equal right to be employed as men.

5.7.3 Women workers shall have the right to take adequate rest during pregnancy of maternity.

5.7.4 Single Mothers will be provided with special support that helps them to mitigate problems that they may encounter.

5.7.5 Special attention will be given to providing extensive education and training that would contribute to protecting womenn's equality and rights and to building their capacity.

5.7.6 Everything necessary will be done to protect women from physical and psychological harms due to various religious and cultural beliefs. Especially, harmful practices such as early marriage, abduction and female genital mutilation perpetrated on girls will be abolished.

5.7.7 In order to be able to solve their problems, women will be allowed to organize themselves freely, without any interference from any government or political organization.

5.7.8 In order to strengthen their participation in all aspects of social life, women will be given real political power that goes beyond mere numerical and nominal representation.

5.8 On the Youth

5.9.1 The participation of the youth in the political, economic and social life of the country will be expanded. Multifaceted programmes and projects will be designed to solve the serious problem of widespread unemployment among the youth.

5.9.2 The youth will be enabled to obtain jobs only on the basis of their educational achievements, professional qualifications and skills and not, in any way, on the basis of their membership of a political party or an association.

5.9.3 Every effort will be made to protect the youth from being victims of harmful habits. To this end, everything possible will be done to build and expand recreational, sports and educational facilities that help the youth to develop physical and mental capabilities.

5..9.4 UDJ strongly opposes the promotion of organizations that are designed to bring the youth under the total control of the ruling party. Instead, a condition will be created wherein the youth will be able to organize themselves absolutely free from any kind of interference, to solve their common problems through common efforts and to be active participants in the affairs of their nation.

5.10 On Persons Living with Disabilities

5.10.1 Conditions will be created wherein persons living with disabilities will not be discriminated against in obtaining gobs and where they will be able to obtain jobs within their capabilities and earn a decent living just like their compatriots.

5.10.2 Residential area, work places, streets, public squares, recreational centers and transport facilities will be designed and constructed in such a way that they take into consideration the problems of persons living with disabilities.

5.10.3 Persons living with disabilities will be provided with education and training that are designed to solve their problems meet their needs.

5.10.4 When persons living with disabilities are engaged in schooling, they will be provided with assistance to ease their problem of lack of educational materials necessary for their studies.

5.11 On the Aged and Cildren

5.11.1 Special effort will be made to provide adequate care to the aged who have no one to care for them through governmental and non-governmental organizations.

5.11.2 Centers that provide the aged with recreational and socializing facilities will be provided.

5.11.3 Conditions will be facilitated wherein Senior Citizens can transmit their wisdom and experience to the succeeding generation.

5.11.4 Special attention will be given to the physically and mentally healthy upbringing of children who the future hope of the country.

5.11.5 Various schemes will be designed and implemented to provide orphans with the proper upbringing.

5.12 On Population Studies

5.12.1 Given that population studies plays a major role in a country's development, efforts will be made to ensure that there is a healthy balance between economic growth and population growth.

5.12.2 Family Planning and other birth control service programmes will be strengthened in a sustained manner.

5.13 Relics and Natgional Parks

Ethiopia is endowed with precious relics and other historical attractions as well as with a variety of parks that are havens for rare animals. However, these resources are exposed to plunder, destruction and wastage due to lack of protection and proper care. UDJ will see to it that these priceless resources of the country are fully protected and given proper care.

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