UDJ Program

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PROGRAMMET

AF

Enhed for DEMOCRACYAND RETFÆRDIGHED (UDJ)

INDLEDNING

Etiopien er et smukt land, der besidder en lang historie placering blandt de store civilisationer i verden. Det er kendt som oprindelsen af ​​menneskeheden og holder i sin favn nationer og nationaliteter rig med kulturelle identiteter, hvor tilhængere af forskellige religioner lever i blandede harmoni, og hvor det har bevaret sin lange uafhængighed gennem den patriotiske kamp for sine borgere.

Til trods for, at Etiopien og dets borgere er arvinger til disse positive værdier, er moderne Etiopien kendt mere for sin borgerkrige, alvorlige krænkelser af de demokratiske, human, nationers og nationaliteter rettigheder og for den deraf følgende fattigdom, forårsaget af mistede muligheder for udvikling .

Indførelsen af ​​den industrielle revolution og den administrative stilarter Vesten ind i vores land har, på den ene side har bidraget til at tilnærme den fremherskende interaktive forholdet mellem folk, samtidig med, på den anden side har den gjort et stort bidrag til vores nuværende tilstand ved at gøre det interaktive forhold blottet for retfærdighed og lighed.

Kampen føres i de sidste tredive eller fyrre år, det være sig af de kræfter, der holdt regeringen magt eller af dem i oppositionen, til at afhjælpe situationen og til at skabe løsninger har gjort meget lidt positivt bidrag. Faktisk finder vi os i en situation, hvor forholdene er blevet værre.

Kampen føres af de mennesker omkring tredive år før havde skabt en tilstand, hvor de århundreder gamle monarkistiske styre blev væltet. Men den militære officerer, der anvendes i øjeblikket til at gribe magten knuste folks kamp, ​​som blev udkæmpet for at beskytte menneskerettigheder og demokratiske rettigheder og respektere de rettigheder, nationer og nationaliteter og fordømte folk til en endnu værre undertrykkelse og lidelse. EPRDF, der fulgte på sporet af Derg, på trods af sit løfte til den etiopiske folk, at det ville respektere alle menneskerettigheder og demokratiske rettigheder, herunder rettighederne for nationer og nationaliteter, og at det ville føre til et flerparti-system, hvor magten er holdt kun gennem fri konkurrence og valg, har i øjeblikket indført i sin egen tur, et repressivt styre på folk.

I øjeblikket har det ikke været muligt at få menneskerettigheder og demokratiske rettigheder sikret ved forfatningen respekteres fuldt ud. Spørgsmålet om nationer og nationaliteter er ikke korrekt op og løses. I virkeligheden er spørgsmålet i øjeblikket bliver brugt som et redskab til at opdele og regere folket. Borgerne er blevet frataget muligheden for at bo og arbejde i de områder af deres valg og til at gennemføre udviklingsaktiviteter. De er lige frataget jobsikkerhed. Integrationsprocessen blandt folk er ved at blive forstyrret. Etiopiere er lavet til at se hinanden med mistænksomhed og deres enhed er ved at blive lavet til at løsne. Denne situation er svækker folks følelse af ejerskab over deres land og deres omgivelser og er i sig selv en kilde til bekymring.

På nuværende tidspunkt er Etiopien blandt de mest tilbagestående lande i verden, ikke kun i politiske vækst, men i den økonomiske og sociale vækst såvel. Som et resultat af at det er indlandsstater, er det konfronteret med en alvorlig fare mod landets sikkerhed og økonomisk vækst. Den økonomiske vækst, der er erklæret for at afslutte, fordi det ikke er bygget på en solgt og bæredygtigt grundlag, ikke har været i stand til at vikle os ud af fattigdom og redde os fra at søge donationer i fødevarehjælp fra omverdenen. I mangel af en retfærdig fordeling af velstanden og tilstrækkelig beskæftigelse, er kløften i levestandard blandt etiopiere blevet meget bred.

Enhed for Demokrati og Retfærdighed (UDJ), en multi-nationalt parti er behørigt etableret i august ________, mener, at de ovenfor beskrevne forudsætninger skal ændres, og er fast besluttet på at bidrage med sin andel til at skabe den ønskede forandring. UDJ var, for det meste, grundlagt af tidligere medlemmer af Koalitionen for Enhed og Demokrati (CUD), men siden da har det været at trække mange nye medlemmer og politikere og er i gang med at udvide sin base yderligere.

Selvom vores parti er lovlydige, og er kendt for kæmper for at skabe en overgang af magten gennem fredelige midler, var dens leder, Woizerit Birtukan Mideksa snart fængslet af EPRDF, motiveret af sin frygt for nogen stærk opposition. Endnu værre, i strid med en retskendelse, har den overtrådt sin grundlovssikrede ret til at blive besøgt af hendes advokat, religiøse far og familie og venner.

UDJ vil fortsætte sin kamp for at befri sin formand Birtukan for TT visninger hende at blive berøvet sin frihed som en manifestation af det etiopiske folk med at blive berøvet deres frihed og lighed. Kampen løn af den etiopiske befolkning for deres samlede frihed ville være bundet og koordineres med kampen for at befri Woizerit Birtukan.

Historien er et vidne til det faktum, at den etiopiske folk ikke vige tilbage fra at betale det offer, der kræves for at beskytte deres frihed. Det er kendt, at under det seneste valg i 2005, havde de vist deres evne til at lave en fornuftig udnyttelse af et demokratisk valg. På baggrund af denne positive fortid såvel som nyere historie, er UDJ fast besluttet på at gøre en samordnet indsats for at kunne se dannelsen af ​​en demokratisk regering værdig til en heroisk kamp for frihed.   

Etiopien er et hjem for mange nationer og nationaliteter rige med en bred vifte af kulturer, sprog, traditioner og systemer, og som har, men århundreders sammenflettede sameksistens, udviklet sans for en fælles etiopiske identitet. UDJ klar over, at inden for denne lange og komplekse historie om sammenhold og samspil mellem nationer og nationaliteter i Etiopien, har der været talrige misbrug og klager, der endnu skal løses og afhjælpes. På samme tid, indser UDJ at som etiopierne, uanset vores national oprindelse, er vores skæbner sammen, og vores valg er ikke at holde længes tilbage til gamle sår, og at leve i fortiden, men at gå fremad, løse fælles problemer gennem en fælles indsats . På baggrund af denne erkendelse, UDJ som et multi-nationalt parti, stræber vilje til at styrke de værdier, der er fælles for alle etiopiere og at opmuntre alle etiopierne til at styrke deres sammenhold omkring disse kerneværdier. Partiet selv bestræber sig på at blive en model af denne vision, et sammenløb af alle etiopiere og et udtryk for den menneskelige rigdom af vores land.

UDJ respekterer mangfoldighed og mener, at denne mangfoldighed er en komponent af Etiopiens skønhed og bør ikke og kan ikke på nogen måde være en årsag til svækkelse af vores sammenhold. I betragtning af den objektive virkelighed i vores land, indser UDJ at spørgsmålet om nationer og nationaliteter er et stort problem med de grundlæggende rettigheder, og vil kæmpe for en korrekt beskyttelse af disse rettigheder. Den mener, at beskyttelsen af disse rettigheder er på ingen naturlige modstrid med enten højre for den enkelte eller med enheden i Etiopien.

Vort parti mener, at de grundlæggende problemer i vores land kan løses ikke ved at kapaciteten af ​​den ene part, men kun af den kombinerede indsats og aktiv deltagelse af alle interessenter. Det mener også, at i betragtning af den objektive virkelighed i vores land, der ikke er nogen grundlæggende modsætning mellem multi-nationale og nationale partier og accepterer, at der er forhold, hvori de kan leve og arbejde sammen i et samarbejde om fælles årsager. Det er parat til at bidrage med sin andel til en styrkelse af det nyligt etablerede etiopiske Føderative Demokratiske Unity Forum (MEDREK) omfattende UDJ og syv andre partier og til at omdanne den til et højere niveau af samarbejde. Det vil harmonisere de minimale program blev vedtaget af MEDREK med sit eget program og yderligere arbejde for en vellykket gennemførelse.

Derfor er UDJ forpligtet sig til følgende principper og-programmernes og til at arbejde hånd i hånd med den etiopiske befolkning for succes.

1. Generelle principper for Enhed for Demokrati og Retfærdighed

1. Den etiopiske Domænet omfatter jord, vand og luft rum, der er under suveræne regel i den etiopiske befolkning.

1,2 Etiopierne bor i Etiopien og i udlandet er sammen befolkningen i Etiopien.

1,3 Befolkningen i Etiopien er den suveræne magt i landet; suveræne magt udgår kun fra folket.

1.4 Den ret i, at etiopierne har som individuelle borgere eller i den fælles ret i, at de har som en nation, nationalitet eller gruppe er fundamentet for deres enhed.

1.5 Den enhed og suverænitet i landet er uadskillelige og skal ikke være afstået til andre; UDJ skal stræbe efter at samle hver nation / nationalitet til at stå for respekt for den etiopiske grænse, frihed, enhed, suverænitet, herunder retten til nationer og nationaliteter og for de fælles interesser og værdier i det etiopiske folk.

1,6 UDJ er fast besluttet på at stå fast for styring, der er fri for uretfærdighed og urimelighed og til styrkelse af en enhed, der er baseret på gensidig respekt. Det er overbevist om, at løsningen på de problemer, der opstår rundt om i spørgsmålet om etiopiske enhed er at udbygge demokratiet i forbindelse med sammenhold.

1,7 Enhed for Demokrati og Retfærdighed står for respekten for menneskerettighederne i alle dens aspekter og for ubegrænset demokratiske rettigheder, for forfatningen, for den fremherskende for retsstaten, for frie og retfærdige valg, for den fremherskende en flerpartisystem og for de mennesker, der bliver den eneste kilde til magt.

1,8 UDJ er styret af det demokratiske princip og filosofi bygger på den enkeltes frihed. Det accepterer gruppe lige som en del af dette princip. Det er ligeledes inspireret fra de værdier af Socialdemokratiet og konsensus demokrati dem, der anses for nyttige for enhed og udviklingen af ​​vores land.

1,9 UDJ er forpligtiget til at opbygge et marked-ledet økonomisk system, der hjælper til at bringe den etiopiske folk ud af fattigdom og garantier udvikling og social velstand.

1,10 UDJ står for opbygningen af ​​et socialt system, der sikrer social velfærd, fred, gensidig respekt, samvær og tryghed i ansættelsen.

1,11 Indførelse af et frit retsvæsen og retssystem, hvilket skaber et administrativt system, hvor åbenhed og ansvarlighed sejre, styrke god regeringsførelse i offentlige institutioner såvel som i samfundet som helhed, skal den mission for vores parti.

1,12 sikre overholdelsen af rettighederne for kvinder, børn, ældre, personer der lever med handicap og andre medlemmer af samfundet, der er ofre for social udstødelse, og sikre, at de får den rette pleje.

1,13 kæmper for grundlæggelsen af et sundt og fredelige forbindelser med det internationale samfund, der er baseret på gensidig respekt og lighed og beskytter interesser i landet og folket.

2. UDJ er form for kamp og løse uoverensstemmelser

2,1 UDJ kampe for den fremherskende for et civiliseret politisk samspil, hvor alles ret til at fremme hans / hendes synspunkter og ideologi er respekteret fri for magt og undertrykkelse.

2,2 UDJ står for lovlig og fredelig kamp, ​​indse godt, at det værdifulde bidrag, som den gør for bæredygtig udvikling, for opbygningen af ​​et demokratisk system og for national forsoning, der har været så undvigende til Etiopien i så lang tid. Den mener, at det ikke er muligt at skabe og styrke et stabilt politisk system i landet uden for rammerne af en juridisk og fredelig kamp. Til trods for at det politiske rum, der hersker i landet er meget ugunstig for en juridisk og fredelig kamp, ​​mener UDJ, at succes kan opnås ved tilpasning og styrkelse af den metode, der passer til forholdene.

2,3 Enhed for Demokrati og Retfærdighed mener, at for at gøre lovlige og fredelige kamp lykkes, er det bydende nødvendigt, at der er et stærkt samarbejde mellem de kræfter, der har valgt denne form for kamp, ​​som alle etiopierne er lavet til at bakke op omkring dette samarbejde. Til dette formål er UDJ forpligtet sig til at arbejde med omhu for at bidrage med sin andel til det ekspanderende og styrkelse af den etiopiske Føderative Demokratiske Unity Forum (MEDREK) og til at fremme det til en højere form for samarbejde.

2,4 UDJ overbevist om, at de forskellige konflikter og misbrug, der resulterede især inden for de sidste to generationer i vores land skal løses ikke ved gensidige beskyldninger eller hævn mod hinanden, men ved en afstemning i den ånd af retfærdighed. UDJ er fuldt overbevist om, at forsoning kunne spille en vigtig rolle i at bane vejen for den politik, vores land til at fokusere på en måde, der er fri fra nag og had, og ankommer til forståelser og aftaler om grundlæggende og fælles nationale spørgsmål.

2,5 UDJ er fast besluttet på at skabe et miljø af fred og forsoning, hvori borgerne ikke kriminaliseres for at være medlem af en bestemt politisk gruppe eller offentlig myndighed, og hvori deres rettigheder respekteres fuldt ud, forudsat at de ikke har begået forbrydelser på det personlige niveau.

2,6 indså vel, at skabe gensidig forståelse for de grundlæggende nationale spørgsmål er nødvendigt og presserende for trivslen af ​​landet, vil UDJ være særlig opmærksom på denne sag og arrangere passende forhold, hvor national dialog ville finde sted. Det vil bestræbe sig på at skabe parter opererer fredeligt i landet, herunder det regerende parti, til at engagere sig i dialogen. Det vil også stræbe efter at gøre sin del for at tilskynde de politiske partier, der opererer i udlandet, og dem, der har valgt at engagere sig i væbnet kamp for at fremme deres årsager ved at vedtage den fredelige form for kamp og deltage i den nationale dialog.

2.7 Det er taget i betragtning, at det kan være nødvendigt at ændre visse bestemmelser i forfatningen med henblik på at gennemføre nogle af de spørgsmål, der er inkluderet i denne partiprogram. Mens han arbejdede inden for den forfatningsmæssige orden og styrkelse af det, vil UDJ arbejde for at skabe en tilstand, hvor forfatningen kunne blive ændret i overensstemmelse med processen inden for IT og herunder folkeafstemning.

I betragtning af den forståelse, at den nuværende forfatning er underlagt forbedring, indser UDJ, at den indeholder i det bestemmelser, der er af varig værdi. Derfor er det klar til at arbejde i samarbejde med andre demokratiske kræfter, til oprettelse og styrkelse af frie og uafhængige institutioner, der beskytter de rettigheder og bestemmelser fra den bliver krænket, og at foretage de nødvendige rettelser og dispensere retfærdighed, når disse rettigheder og bestemmelser er overtrådt .

3. Politiske program af Enhed for Demokrati og Retfærdighed

3.1 struktur af det politiske system

3.1.1 Det politiske system skal være forfatningsmæssige og flerpartisystem. Strukturen og organiseringen af ​​partiet og regeringen, og det af borgerorganisationer, skal være adskilt.

3.1.2 Den kilde til magt er folkets vilje. Den folkets vilje kommer til udtryk gennem en juridisk anlagt og jævnligt gennemført valg.

3.1.3 Ingen skal overtage magten eller fortsætte med at bevare magten, hvis der er valgt af folket.

3.1.4 Overtagelse af magt eller fortsat at forblive ved magten, er kun muligt gennem frie og retfærdige valg, og resultaterne fra dem og gennem gratis konkurrencer mellem parterne baseret på retsstatsprincippet.

3.1.5 Større politiske spørgsmål vil blive givet politisk svar, og disse politiske svar wiall gives ikke gennem magt, men gennem fredelige, demokratiske og juridiske midler. Hvis dette ikke er muligt, skal de spørgsmål bringes til de mennesker til afgørelse ved en folkeafstemning.

3.2 Generelle opbygning af staten

3.2.1 Strukturen i staten skal være føderal. Der skal være en forbundsstat og regionale stater. Strukturen i den regionale statslige fastsættes ud fra princippet om, at tager følgende faktorer i betragtning:

a. geografiske layout, befolkningsfordeling og egnethed til administrative og udviklingsmæssige værker,

b. kultur og historie,

c. retten til at nationer og nationaliteter til selv administration,

D. egnethed til at skabe national forståelse.

3.2.2 Den nuværende føderale struktur er ikke endelig, men en, der fastholder kriterierne ovenfor, og udvikler sig i harmoni med vores økonomiske og politiske vækst.

3.2.3 Ligene af myndighed i den føderale og regionale stater, skal hver have deres andel af magten som bestemt ved lov. Den skal være anbragt på en sådan måde, at man ikke blander sig i interne anliggender den anden. Hver af dem skal have sin egen lovgivende, udøvende og dømmende organer.

3.2.4 amharisk skal tjene som arbejdssprog i den føderale stat. Når der er godkendt ved en folkeafstemning, kan der være et andet sprog, i tillæg til amharisk, der fungerer som arbejdssprog i den føderale stat.

3.2.5 Arbejdssproget i hver regional stat skal bestemmes ved en folkeafstemning foretaget af folk i regionen.

3,3 opbygning forbundsstat

3.3.1 føderale statsmagt er delt mellem den lovgivende, udøvende og dømmende organer, og de skal bringes til at fungere frit og uafhængigt uden indblanding fra en i kompetencen for andre.

3.3.2 Den lovgivende organ har to huse: The House of Peoples repræsentanter og House of Federation, som begge er valgt af folket og beføjelse til at lovgive love.

3.3.3. Beføjelse til at fortolke forfatningen er hos domstolene. De to kamre skal have beføjelse til at lovgive love, men ikke at fortolke forfatningen eller enhver anden lov.

3.3.4 Den udøvende organ, vil blive bygget op omkring en præsident, der er direkte valgt af folket, og hvis embedsperiode er begrænset. Formanden vælges for en periode på fem år, men ikke mere end to på hinanden følgende perioder.

3.3.5 Udvalgets formand har ret til at vende tilbage til Europa-Parlamentet et udkast til lovforslag, som han / hun ikke kan acceptere for yderligere drøftelser. Hvis den samme lovforslaget er støttet af folkeforsamlingen repræsentanter og House of Federation af en tre fjerdedele flertal på deres fælles møde, skal det blive til lov på trods af, at det ikke har aftale med formanden.

3.3.6 Positioner i det udøvende organ, som skal afholdes af politiske aftale, skal være specifikt identificeret. Alle positioner af myndighed og aftaler i den føderale regering skal bestemmes af folkeforsamlingen "Repræsentanter alene. Godkendelsen af ​​udnævnelser skal baseres på en omhyggelig gennemgang af de kvalifikationer, den enkelte kandidat.

3.3.7 The Civil Service, som er under det udøvende organ, skal tilrettelægges på en måde, der er politisk upolitisk, baseret på evnen og kvalificering og kan levere gennemsigtig, ansvarlig og effektiv service.

3,4 menneskerettigheder og demokratiske rettigheder

3.4.1 Generelt

3.4.1.1 Internationale og kontinentale aftaler om politiske, borgerlige, sociale, økonomiske og kulturelle anliggender og konventioner om kvinder, børn, handicappede og andre, som Etiopien er part skal gøres til en integreret del af loven i det land. Statslige og ikke-statslige institutioner, der beskytter og gennemføre disse aftaler og konventioner skal anlægges og udbygges.

3.4.1.2 Ingen person må udsættes for nogen form for misbrug eller forskelsbehandling på grund af hans / hendes religiøse tro, politisk holdning, køn, race, sprog, hudfarve eller andre årsager.

3.4.1.3 Borgernes ret til at bevæge sig frit fra sted til sted, at arbejde og bo i områder af deres valg, for at tjene, eje, bruge, sælge, bytte eller arve ejendom i privat eller i gruppe, skal respekteres, skal Borgerne skal beskyttes mod fysisk eller psykisk vold eller tortur. Må heller ikke nægtes deres frihed eller udsættes for undersøgelse eller søge uden en kendelse fra domstolen.

3.4.2 om at respektere menneskerettighederne

3.4.2.1 Enhver person har en ukrænkelig ret til liv. Ingen person skal være anholdt uden for loven eller fængslet uden anklage.

3.4.2.2 Regeringen skal yde beskyttelse til privat ejendom. Ingen skal ske til miste hans / hendes formue og ejendom uden for hans / hendes vilje eller uden for Domstolens kendelse. I tilfælde, hvor det er nødvendigt at bruge den private ejendomsret til fælles udvikling eller den offentlige sikkerhed, er ejeren af ​​ejendommen har ret til at modtage en ordentlig kompensation, baseret på den aktuelle markedsværdi af ejendommen.

3.4.2.3 Enhed for Demokrati og Retfærdighed er imod terrorisme. Men det er også stærkt imod kategoriseringen af ​​politiske modsætninger som terrorister, og til krænkelse af rettigheder med henblik på at undertrykke frie tanke i terrorbekæmpelsens navn,

3.4.2.4 Den etiopiske menneskerettighedskommission skal etableres og organiseres på en måde, der gør det muligt at beskæftige sig med menneskerettighedskrænkelser upåvirket af den udøvende organ.

3.4.2.5 Ingen må fængsles på grund af hans / hendes politiske synspunkter. Landsmænd der sidder i fængsel på grund af deres politiske synspunkter, frigives. Den etiopiske menneskerettighedskommission skal have bemyndigelse til direkte tilfælde af kendt krænkelser af menneskerettighederne til Attorney General, således at gebyrerne kan indgives.

3.4.2.6 Lovligt tilbageholdte personer skal anses for uskyldig, indtil lovlig er bevist. At tillade eller ikke at lade kaution på grundlag af loven fastsættes af retten. Hvis regeringen mener, at tilbageholdte personer ikke bør løslades mod kaution, skal den bære bevisbyrden for retten og må ikke træffe enhver foranstaltning, der modvirker skøn domstole om at bevilge kaution.

3.4.2.7 Frihedsberøvede personer skal holdes i anerkendte fængsler. Lovligt ukendte eller skjulte fængsler i landet skal afskaffes. Frihedsberøvede personer skal holdes på en sådan måde, at deres menneskelige værdighed respekteres, og deres forfatningsmæssige rettigheder er beskyttet.

3.4.2.8 Som foreskrevet i forfatningen, vil rettighederne for tilbageholdte personer til at mødes og få besøg af deres ægtefæller, nære slægtninge, venner, religiøse rådgivere, læger og juridiske rådgivere skal respekteres.

3.4.3 religionsfrihed og religionslighed

3.4.3.1 Den retten for enhver borger at følge, fremme eller udvide religion af hans / hendes valg respekteres. Ingen etiopiske vil blive nægtet de rettigheder og privilegier garanteres for alle borgere på grund af hans / hendes religiøse overbevisning.

3.4.3.2 Religion er personlig, men landet er fælles. Stat og religion er adskilt. Så er religion og politik. Da der ikke er statsreligion, er der ingen religion, der er opsat på at kontrollere statsmagten.

3.4.3.3 Alle religioner er lige for loven. Derfor staten behandler alle religioner lige og beskytter dem lige.

3.4.3.4 Enhed for Demokrati og Retfærdighed vil arbejde ihærdigt på at sikre, at der er tolerance og respekt mellem religionerne i vores land.

3.4.4 Retten til ytringsfrihed og medierne

3.4.4.1 UDJ vil kæmpe for respekten for og beskyttelsen af ​​rettighederne for alle borgere til at opretholde hans / hendes opfattelse og til at udtrykke denne opfattelse via ethvert medie, samt at indsamle, modtage og udbrede nogen form for information eller idé.

3.4.4.2 UDJ skal sikre, at staten massemedierne er et forum for den frie udbredelse af information og den frie udveksling af ideer. De vil blive lavet for at give deres tjenester uden politisk tilhørsforhold. For at sikre dette, vil deres organisation og administration er frie og uafhængige.

3.4.4.3 Tryk og broadcast love vil blive udstedt og gennemføres med henblik på at sikre respekten for borgernes ret til ytringsfrihed som garanteret i forfatningen. Endvidere skal den private sektor blive tilskyndet til at deltage kraftigt i de elektroniske såvel som i pressen medierne, sammen med de statslige medier. Institutter, der gennemfører loven ordentligt vil blive etableret.

3.4.44 Der vil ikke være nogen åbenlys eller skjult censur. Ej heller vil der være nogen direkte eller indirekte pres på journalister, udgivere eller printere til at pålægge uønsket selvcensur på sig selv.

3.4.4.5 Internet og telefon vil med deres fulde teknologiske fordele, være et middel, som borgerne får eller udveksle oplysninger uden frygt. Ulovlige handlinger, såsom jamming, lukning hjemmeside stationer og aflytning vil blive afskaffet.

3.4.4.6 Ytringsfriheden omfatter at være i stand til at formidle sine idéer ved hjælp af litteratur, teater, drømmende, sange, film, maleri og skulptur.

3.4.4.7 Enhed for Demokrati og Retfærdighed indser, at sammen med frihed til selvudfoldelse, der er ansvar at sikre uafhængighed og interesser af nationen, der respekterer folks kulturer og traditioner, som er beskyttende for frihed og værdighed andres da vi er af vores, og respekt for forfatningen og andre love af jorden.

3.4.5 Retten til at samle og gennemføre en fredelig demonstration

Borgernes ret til at samle, støtte eller modsætte sig, udtrykke deres synspunkter i en fredelig demonstration, stoppe med at arbejde, osv., vil blive respekteret som foreskrevet af loven. Juridiske og administrative hindringer for at krænke denne rettighed vil blive fjernet.

3.4.6 Det at samle

3.4.6.1 Borgerne har ret til at organisere sig i et politisk parti efter eget valg.

3.4.6.2 Borgernes ret ansat i private og offentlige institutioner til at organisere sig i foreninger og handle for at beskytte deres legitime interesser skal respekteres.

3.4.6.3 Borgerne er engageret i forskellige erhverv skal have retten til at organisere sig i foreninger for at være i stand til at levere tjenesteydelser til nytte for offentligheden, samt at beskytte deres rettigheder i forbindelse med deres erhverv.

3.4.6.4 Betingelserne vil blive oprettet, hvori udvikling og støtte og filantropiske foreninger er organiseret frit og fremsætte konkrete bidrag til velfærd i landet og folket.

3.4.6.5 Kvinder skal have ret til at organisere sig i foreninger med henblik på at frigøre sig fra kønsbestemt og kulturel undertrykkelse, at være i stand til at drøfte spørgsmål af interesse i forbindelse med deres køn og til at beskytte deres rettigheder som kvinder.

3.4.6.6 De unge skal have ret til at organisere sig på en måde, der ville sætte dem i stand til at engagere sig i sport, kunst og andre aktiviteter for kreativitet, samt til at udvikle deres egenskab af generation af arvinger i dette land.

3.4.6.7 Enhver ikke-politisk organisation har ret til at stå for sine mål og for retten til sine medlemmer uden at være tvunget til at tage side i en politisk sag.

3.4.6.8 Der kan være foreninger organiseret på grundlag af en parts struktur. Sådanne organisationer vil være klart adskilt fra den frie civile organisationer, og en tilstand, vil blive skabt, hvori begge ville arbejde frit, hver bevare sin egen karakter.

3.4.6 nationernes ret / nationaliteter

3.4.61 I betragtning af, at Etiopien har en befolkning på 70 millioner over og er hjemsted for mange nationer og nationaliteter, UDJ klar over, at respekt for lighed og imødekommende interesser og bekymringer hos alle de mennesker, er et spørgsmål, der fortjener den største opmærksomhed. Derfor skal den arbejde flittigt, således at Etiopien vil være et land, hvor dens nationer og nationaliteter leve uden fordomme, og hvor deres ligestilling er garanteret.

3.4.62 Etiopien har mange nationer og nationaliteter, der har små befolkninger. Ingen nation eller nationalitet vil påtvinge sin vilje på en anden nation eller nationalitet på den blotte begrundelse, at det har et flertal. Heller ikke en nation eller nationalitet blive tvunget til at acceptere en afgørelse mod sin vilje med den begrundelse, at det er en minoritet. Alle nationer / nationaliteter skal stå for overholdelsen af ​​rettighederne for hver nation / nationalitet og hver nation / nationalitet, skal stå for overholdelsen af ​​rettighederne for alle nationer / nationaliteter og være styret af et kompromis af hensyn til sammenhold og samvær .

3.4.63 UDJ respekterer retten for nationer / nationaliteter til at administrere sig selv og udvikle deres områder. Under fastlæggelsen af ​​grænserne mellem regioner, skal denne ret være behørigt gennemføres i samarbejde med andre rettigheder. Nationer og nationaliteter indgår i en given region har ret til at administrere sig selv på forskellige niveauer og til at deltage i højere niveauer af regeringen.

3.4.64 rettigheder nationer / nationaliteter til at bruge deres sprog og til at bevare, udvikle og fremme deres kultur og andre værdier, der udtrykker deres identitet vil blive respekteret.

3.4.65 Nationer og nationaliteter skal have en rimelig andel i fordelingen af ​​statens magt, ressourcer og udviklingsmuligheder. For at bringe nationer / nationaliteter til sammenlignelige niveauer af udvikling, vil særlig bistand ydes til dem, der er på lavere niveauer af udviklingen.

3.4.66 borgere, der bor inden for en regional eller en lavere administration skal have det privilegium at nyde de rettigheder, som andre borgere i regionen har.

3.4.7 Sikring af ligestilling mellem kønnene

3.4.71 Ligestilling mellem kønnene vil blive sikret ved at eliminere den lange tradition for at opfatte kvinder som lavere væsener, og ved at korrigere det forvrængede forholdet fremherskende mellem kvinder og mænd.

3.4.72 Den politiske deltagelse og lederskab kvinders rolle vil blive styrket ved at give dem den nødvendige bistand og støtte.

3.4.73 Kvinder vil blive lagt særlig støtte til at fremme og styrke deres deltagelse i det økonomiske, sundhed, uddannelse og andre områder.

3,5 Holding magt eller fortsætte ved magten, er kun mulig gennem en fri, fair og retfærdig valg

At sætte en stopper for god, den praksis at tage og opgive magten gennem magt og blodsudgydelser, som længe har hersket i vort land, vil UDJ gennemføre følgende.

3.5.1 Der vil være et neutralt valg bestyrelse, der har tillid til vælgerne samt oppositionspartierne. Medlemmerne af bestyrelsen vil blive udvalgt gennem den tætte høring af interessenter og præsenteres for udnævnelse.

3.5.2 For at sikre, at de udpegede eller lejes officerer til de forskellige niveauer, startende fra kontoret af brættet til den laveste Echelon, er i stand til at udføre de awesome nationale mission overladt til dem fri for partiskhed, vil deres valg blive baseret på kapacitet og udført på en måde, der er gennemsigtig.

3.5.3 To make elections credible, domestic and international observers will be invited to participate. A system would be designed to ensure the neutrality of domestic observers. Public observers will be elected by the people in the presence of representatives of opposition parties. Every effort will be made to make election observed as widely as possible.

3.5.4 Members of the Civil Service who compete in an election but do not win shall have the right to return to their work places or to be assigned to other equivalent jobs.

3.5.5 When citizens who have been serving as deputies of the people complete their service, they will be granted honour for the service they had rendered and returned to their former or equivalent work.

3.5.7 The following changes and adjustments will be made in order to avoid unnecessary delays and disputes;

3.5.71 Elections will be conducted at the same time in all regions.

3.5.72 Election results will be made public within seventy-two hours at the latest.

3.5.73 University students will be made to vote either at the university in which they are or in their home constituency. The choice shall be left to them.

3.5.74 ret Etiopierne bor i udlandet for at deltage i valg, hvorfra de er garanteret.

3.5.75 særlige domstole vil blive etableret at træffe afgørelse om valg spørgsmål.

3.5.8 Når en stedfortræder mister tillid til de mennesker, der valgte ham / hende, han / hun mister hans / hendes mandat kun som foreskrevet af loven.

3.6 Det retsstaten og retsvæsenets uafhængighed

3.6.1 Der vil være en klar opdeling af magten og en strengt gennemførte system af checks and balances mellem den lovgivende, udøvende og dømmende organer af staten.

3.6.2 Der vil være et system, der gør det muligt for udvælgelse og udnævnelse af dommere til at være baseret på juridisk viden, erfaring og integritet. Dommere vil udføre deres arbejde uden pres eller indblanding udefra elementerne.

3.6.3 The office of the Attorney General will be organized and made to operate free from the Ministry of Justice and other executive bodies. The task of the Attorney Generals is to ensure respect for the law and not to be an instrument for carrying out the political desires of the government. Attorney Generals will be authorized in such a way that whenever they believe that a crime has been committed, they could initiate charges against anyone, including high officials in the executive body.

3.6.4 To improve procedures in connection with initiating, approving and implementing laws, the following practices will be applied.

3.6.5 Conditions will created wherein laws could be initiated by the House of Peoples' Representative itself as well as by the people. The House shall have ample time to examine and discuss bills forwarded to it by the executive body. Whenever necessary, it can invite citizens with knowledge for consultation in order to gain a better understanding of issues and to be able to arrive at sound decisions.

3.7 Policy and programme of Unity for Democracy and Justice on the National Defence, Security and Police Forces

3.7.1 General

3.7.11 The defense, security and police forces will be given up-to-date and qualitative professional training and support that would enable them to carry out the duties entrusted to them by the law in the context of our national concerns and the geo-political condition prevailing in our region.

3.7.12 The institutions of the defense, security and police forces will be organized as permanent bodies that do not change as governments change and will not in any way be affiliated with any political party.

3.7.13 The right of the members of the defense, security and police forces to vote and, after being released from the forces, to be elected, is guaranteed.

3.7.13 To ensure that the legislative body plays its proper role in matters of national defense and security, it shall have within it an empowered standing committee on defense and security.

3.7.14 Any foreign mission given to our defense force will be carefully examined by the legislative body as for its necessity and approved with the necessary guidelines. There shall be no foreign mission that is not approved by the legislative body. The legislative body makes certain that the defense force that is assigned to such a mission has the necessary equipment and organization and that its rights and benefits are ensured.

3.7.15 Any military agreements with foreign governments and encampment and movement of foreign soldiers on our soil must have prior knowledge and approval of the legislative body.

3.7.16 Without prejudice to the President being the Commander-In-Chief of the Armed Forces, there will be a legally established National Defense and Security Council that pursues defense and security matters and charts out policy measures.

3.7.2 On National Defense

3.7.21The mission of the National Defense Force shall be to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ethiopia. The Force will not be engaged in repressing peaceful domestic demonstrations or political differences in the name of maintaining peace and security. In a state of emergency, the tasks given to the Defense Force must be clearly specified and stated in the emergency proclamation.

3.7.22 The Ethiopian nations/nationalities shall have a balanced representation at all levels in the Force. The unproportional representation seen at the level of senior officers shall be remedied appropriately.

3.7.23 Opportunities for promotion and professional training in the Force shall be open to all in a manner that is free from partiality and the internal administration of the Force shall be just and made to maintain the standard required by the profession.

3.7.24 Given that the military profession is a field of employment where one serves one's country and at the same time manages one's self and family, the men and women in uniform shall be guaranteed job security. No member of the force will be dismissed from the Force outside of what is prescribed by the law. Members discharged from the Force shall have their legal rights and privileges respected.

3.7.25 There will be a system in place for ensuring that soldiers discharged due to being disabled in war and heirs to members of the Force that fell while on combat duty receive the benefits and honors due to them. Every effort will be made to ensure that the wellbeing of members of the Force who fall into enemy hands through capture is respected according to international conventions.

3.7.26 Every effort will be made to ensure that the Defense Force is equipped with the necessary weapons and supplies and that it has quality training institutions that enhance its capability and combat readiness.

3.7.3 On Immigration and Security Authority

3.7.31 Given that there is the task of gathering information and surveillances on suspects for the sake of national and public security, care shall be taken to ensure that this task is carried in a manner that it is not taken as an excuse for interfering with the freedom and private life of citizens and does not create an atmosphere of fear and terror. Illegal surveillances will be identified and listed.

3.7.32 Employments, promotions and other related matters carried out by the Authority shall be free from political partiality and will be based on professional competence and commitment to the security of the nation.

3.7.4 On the Police

3.7.41 All internal security tasks of preventing crimes and apprehending criminals will be within the jurisdiction of the police. The national defense force will not participate in these tasks. As there are Federal Police and Correction Centers Police, there can also be Border Security Police and Economic Security (Finance) Police established as needed. All these forces shall be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skill that would enable them to carry out their duties with competence.

3.7.42 The task of the Federal Police will be to ensure that human and democratic rights of citizens are respected and implemented according to the law and not to prevent citizens from enjoying these rights. It will be equipped with the knowledge and skill that would enable it to prevent crime and to pursue and apprehend criminals with professional competence. Its membership will have a balanced national representation.

3.4.73 In the regions, the institutions of the police will not engage in any activity that is outside of their constitutional duties.

3.4.74 Outside of the regular Defense Force, efforts will be made to establish a well organized and conscientized regional militia forces that are responsible to the regional administrations and in which citizens can actively participate in ensuring peace and security in their regions and protecting their country from any foreign aggression. Such militias will be strictly independent from any political organization.

3.8 Policy of Unity for Democracy and Justice on foreign relations and regional peace and security

3.8.1 General

3.8.11 The relationship of Ethiopia with other countries and governments is based on the principles of long-term mutual benefits, equality, mutual respect and non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations.

3.8.12 Our foreign relation will be formulated in such a way that it enables us to solve the problems that confront us regionally and to protect our long term interests.

3.8.13 As Ethiopia is in the forefront among the founders of the Organization of African Unity and the symbol of Africa's struggle for freedom, as well as the seat of the African Union and the UN Economic Commission for Africa, UDJ will strive to make it a model country where human and democratic rights are protected, where power is assumed through free and fair elections only and where the rule of law is respected and peaceful freedom and internal stability prevails.

3.8.14 UDJ will work to develop a foreign policy that recognizes that Ethiopia is part of the international community and understands the international situation and enables the country to benefit from the flow of resources received in the form of development aid and loan and to contribute its fair share to the wellbeing of the international community.

3.8.15 The system of appointment in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will be based on national loyalty, professional competence and experience and special attention shall be given to ensuring that high officials and ambassadors working in the ministry are capable of representing, promoting and protecting the interests of Ethiop on international forums.

3.8.2 On boundary affairs with neighbouring countries

3.8.21 Ethiopia will hold a comprehensive discussion with all the neighbouring countries in order to define the borders it has with them.

3.8.22 UDJ rejects the Algiers Agreement because it does not protect the interests of Ethiopia. Convinced that the agreement was wrong and realizing that it has been abrogated by Eritrea, UDJ believes that there should be a new and comprehensive negotiation with Eritrea that takes into consideration the interests and concerns of both countries and will work with determination for the realization of this objective.

3.8.23 We believe that there should be negotiations aimed at coming up with a lasting solution to problems involving the agreements between the former governments of Ethiopia and Sudan and the territorial possessions claimed by the peoples of two countries. The negotiations and their outcomes should be known and approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives prior to implementation.

3.9.3 On outlet to the sea

3.9.31 UDJ believes that, based on history and international law, Ethiopia has the right to a sovereign ownership of an outlet to the sea. Given the special nature of our region and the condition in which our country finds itself, the protection of this right is not only a matter of economic growth but also of national security and survival. With the belief that Ethiopia deserves to have the port of Assab, UDJ is determined to pursue a diplomatic struggle to enable Ethiopia to own the said sea outlet through peaceful and legal means.

3.9.32 To allay the fears of Eritreans regarding Ethiopia's claim of an outlet to the sea, UDJ is determined to explore all alternative means to find a win-win solution that would make both parties equal beneficiaries.

3.9.32 For the short term, Ethiopia will negotiate and come to agreement with all the neighbouring countries that have seaports in order to increase its outlet alternatives.

3.9.10 On transnational rivers

3.9.10.1 UDJ realizes that there have been no agreements between Ethiopian governments and governments of the neighbouring countries that properly protect the interests of Ethiopia regarding the use of the Nile water. In view of this, it will call for serious and in-depth negotiations aimed at reaching and signing agreements that would guarantee the equitable use of the water resource among all the riparian states. In addition to the Nile, the same work will be done on other transnational rivers that involve Ethiopia.

3.10.2 As the rivers flow into the countries surrounding our country, all efforts shall be made to prevent any conflict from arising as a result of a lack of awareness or a desire to promote selfish interests in the utilization of these rivers. In this process, there shall be no deals with anyone that would betray the basic interests of the nation. Our country shall pursue the policy of using its water as much as its resources would allow it and at the same time engage in extensive negotiations to develop better awareness among stakeholders. Our policy shall be guided by the principle of understanding the concerns surrounding our region and protecting the long-term interests of our country without affecting negatively the interests of our neighbours.

4, Economic Programme of Unity for Democracy and Justice

4. 1 General

4.1.1 UDJ will pursue a policy of a market-led economy designed to bring about sustained development and to improve the general standard and social life of the people. The policy takes the enabling of the youth to be nation builders as one of its major objectives by creating new job opportunities for them. In connection with making cities suitable for habitation and enabling rural towns to become centers of development for their surroundings, jobs and training opportunities for the urban and rural unemployed and infrastructure works will be planned and implemented. In the economy that is to be built, special attention will be given to improving the life of the citizens who have the lowest standard of living.

4.1.2 UDJ will follow an overall direction of development that is balanced and where each sector plays its proper role and where all sectors move along in mutual support. There will be a planned interconnection where agriculture is supported by irrigated farming and modern technology and is extricated from the chaos in which it finds itself at present, where it is interlinked with industry through agro-processing and where industry is not a trailer of agriculture but both grow side by side in mutual support. Mining, Energy, Construction, Education and other sectors also would be made to move forward in an integrated manner to bring about sustainable development.

4.1.3 The Ethiopian people are the foundation of general development. Therefore, the focus of the economic policy will be on the creation and strengthening of national economic forces. There will be free and impartial support for domestic investors. UDJ will support domestic investors by developing means that would enable them to emerge as capable competitors among international investors and to enhance their development initiatives. Ethiopians in the Diaspora will be encouraged to come into their country with confidence and to participate in its development. Foreign investors will be encouraged to participate in major development programmes that are not covered by domestic investors. There will be special incentive mechanisms for foreign investments that bring with them large capitals and technology transfers.

4.1.5 The right of every Ethiopian to engage in any profession and field of work, to own property, to create, possess and use wealth and to transfer it legally to others will be guaranteed. No property of a citizen shall be confiscated. However, when the government finds it necessary to use a property owned by an individual for the purpose of public and national use, it can take that property by paying to the owner immediately a compensation based on the current market.

4.1.6 Building strong national institutions that create favorable conditions for growth and prosperity is the first major responsibility of a government. The government will take stabilizing measures whenever there is a high level of unemployment, a weakening of the economy, a growing inflation, an increase in budget deficit and other problems. Furthermore, projects like infrastructure and development organizations that happen to require large capital, or whose feasibility is uncertain, or are strategically important, or are of long-term return will be handled by the government independently or in partnership with private investors. Rapid measures will be taken to transfer state owned development enterprises to private ownership or administration.

4.1.7 Any political party will be prevented from owning any institution that is used for earning wealth directly or indirectly. The ruling party will be made to take its hands out of the economic enterprises that it manages under various names.

4.1.8. The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission will be reestablished and reorganized in a manner that frees it from being a political tool and enables it to fight corruption, which is detrimental to development, with greater determination.

4.1.9 The capacity and freedom of the General Audit Commission will be strengthened in a manner that would enable it to ensure that the wealth and budget of the state is properly administered and put to use.

4.1.10. Determined efforts will be made to expand land transport in order to strengthen our market activities with neighbouring countries and to reduce our business dependency on distant countries. Besides, railway lines and electricity-powered transport will be built and expanded in order to make land transport rapid, efficient and economical.

4.2 The policy of Unity for Democracy and Justice on ownership of land and other natural resources

4,2,1 Rural or urban land not owned by the state or by the community is the private property of the Ethiopian people.

4.2.2 Concerning rural land

4.2.2.1There will be three kinds of ownership;

a) Lands that are uninhabited and undeveloped, until they are eventually distributed to the people, will remain in the hands of the state and rented or leased to investors for development.

b) Grazing lands, places allotted for community use, major highways and grazing areas of pastoralists will be held communally.

c) Land that is under the ownership of the farmer will be the private property of that farmer.

4.2.1.2 The right of every owner of land to develop, care for, rent, sell, exchange or bequeath that land to others in the form of present or inheritance will be protected by the law. A security mechanism will be in place to protect farmers from being displaced massively from their land during times of famine or other crises.

4.2.1.3 When land privately owned by an individual is needed for public purposes, appropriate compensation

based on the current value shall be paid to that owner.

4.2.2 On urban land 4.2.2.1 A carefully studied means will be sought to solve the problem being caused by the troublesome ownership of government and kebele houses. Until then, when house under government and kebele administration are demolished for various reasons, former owners of the houses who were receiving compensation will continue to do so. The renters will be given equivalent shelters in exchange.

4.2.2.2 Urban land originally owned outside of lease will be recognized as belonging to the owners. Owners will not be displaced from their land without adequate cause. If they are to be displaces for appropriate causes, they will be given due compensation. The compensation will not be less than the current lease price of the land. Citizens displaced from the rural areas may be given adequate urban land to help them have better security in their new life.

4.2.2.3 A system will be established by which urban land is administered in a manner that is transparent and accountable.

4.2.3 Lakes, rivers and waterways, mountains, large forests, national parks, wild animals and minerals will be owned by the state and used to provide benefits and services to the people. Attention will be given to the special benefits to be enjoyed by the people living in the areas where these resources are found.

4.3 Policy on desertification, depletion of natural resources and prevention of environmental pollution

4.3.1 To preserve and utilize our soil and water resources that are being wasted, a strategy of forest development and soil and water preservation will be designed and implemented in a manner that enables the people to be active participants in and beneficiaries of the development. Safety Net and aid resources will be used to preserve our natural resources and to create value.

4.3.2 Safety Net and aid resources will be used for the protection and development of our natural resources and for the creation of value

4.3.3. To protect our forest resources from depletion due to the massive use of firewood and charcoal, a scheme will be designed to provide the people with alternative sources of energy for affordable prices.

4.3.4 Aware of the pollution that industries are causing on the environment and of the negative effects of this pollution on our present and future development, a system of control and protection will be designed and implemented.

4.3.5 Although the increase of global temperature and its resulting damages harm all countries, developing countries like Ethiopia suffer more due to lack of adequate capacity to endure the devastation. Measures will be taken to build the national and regional capacity of our country to withstand disasters like floods, epidemic diseases and other calamities caused by the change in global temperature.

4.4 Policies on agricultural development

4.4.1 General

4.4.1.1 To free agriculture from dependence on rain and enable it to increase its production, adequate budget will be allocated for the development of irrigation and for the expansion of irrigated farming. Investors will be provided with the necessary incentives and security and encouraged to engage in extensive irrigation farming.

4.4.1.2 The farmer will be encouraged to increase his production by using his own indigenous seeds, as well as hybrid seeds, and appropriate agricultural inputs.

4.4.1.3 A scheme will be devised to abolish the practice where a farmer who loses his products due to natural disaster is forced to sell all of his property in order to pay debts incurred when buying agricultural inputs on credit.

4.4.1.4 Arrangements will be made where the farmer could obtain tractor rental service to enable him to prepare his soil for planting on time. Wherever possible, rental combiner services would be available to enable the famer to harvest his crops efficiently and with minimal wastage.

4.4.1.5 Development workers trained with public resources will be made available to provide professional service to the farmer in a manner that is free from politics.

4.41.6 Just as the government receives debt relief from international lending institutions in order to help it achieve food self-sufficiency and to enable it to come out of the vicious circle of dependency, the famer will receive subsidies for his agricultural works.

4.4.1.7 The development of our animal resource will be supported by modern technology and adequate capital flow to enable it to contribute its proper share to the overall development of the country. The focus will be not on quantity but on quality animals with high yield.

4.4.2 Expanding modern agriculture

4.4.2.1 Special attention will be given to the expansion of modern farms that produce adequate food for national consumption as well as raw materials for industries.

4.4.2.2 Measures will be taken to ensure that large farms given to foreign investors are such that they introduce modern technology, enable to reduce unemployment and do not create environmental pollution.

4.4.2.3 Domestic investors will be given government support and encouraged to engage in the development of large and modern farms.

4.4.2.4 A system of inspection and control would be put in place to ensure that the health of farmers working on large farms is adequately protected.

4.4.2.5 The government will build large dams to encourage investors and farmers to develop modern irrigation farms by using the dam water at affordable cost.

4.4.2.6 Agricultural products that have no strong link with the growth and development of our country but are produced for the purpose of earning foreign currency only are competing for the land used for producing food. There will be changes in the direction of activities related to the production of these crops.

4.4.3 The development of forest resource

4.4.3.1 A special policy of investment will be formulated to make the development of forest resource, supported by knowledge and capital, a viable field of investment.

4.4.3.2 The various industries that use our forest resource will be expanded. The production of a variety of medicines using our forest resources will be encouraged.

4.4.3.3 Our forest resource will be owned by the state, the communities and individuals and coordinated programmes and projects for its development will be formulated and implemented.

4.4.3.4 Our forestry professionals will be made to participate actively and contribute their share to our programme of activities to rehabilitate and develop our forests.

4.5 Industrial policies

4.5.1 A strong linkage will be created between industry and agriculture by making industry use products of the agricultural sector and agriculture use products of the industrial sector as their inputs in their production process.

4.5.2

4.5.3 Special attention will be given to micro- and small industries and their growth will be linked with the growth and development of medium and large industries.

4.5.4 Special efforts will be made to produce domestically industrial products that we import in large quantities.

4.5.5 Reliable and sustained growth is achieved only through conducting economic and social development based on knowledge. Therefore, special emphasis will be given to science and technology in general and to information and communication technology (ICT) in particular.

4.5.5 Industries that are in the hands of the state will be privatized without delay and strengthened with new technology so that they would be able to contribute their share to the economic growth of the country. Those industries that are not privatized due to various reasons will be put under capable management so that they would be able to continue as successful and profitable enterprises.

4.5.6 A system of control will be laid out to prevent the wastes coming out of industries from harming the environment and the people working in them or living in the surrounding areas.

4.6 Policy on urban development and construction

4.6.1 Our cities will be planned and grow on the basis of plans. Our rural towns will, from the beginning, be established and made to grow so that they would be centers of micro- and small industries and of trade, as well as creators of alternative job opportunities for the rural people, especially for women and the youth.

4.6.2 Our cities will be provided with the necessary supplies of water, electricity and modern information technology (ICT) and they will have well planned internal network of roads as well as an efficient system of waste disposal so that they would become proper centers for development.

4.6.3 Our cities will have appropriate administration and adequate social service institutions to make them suitable for living as well as for development.

4.6. Mortgage banks will be expanded and strengthened to help accelerate housing development and to make it possible for citizens who have the financial means to take bank loans and build homes. Those citizens who do not have the financial means will be provided with subsidies from the government to enable them to buy or rent homes built and made available by local municipalities.

4.6.5. Urban development will be carried out in a manner that would help to reduce unemployment and enable women and youth to participate in the development. To that end, women and the youth will be given adequate training in construction and other related works so that they will be active participants in the construction sector.

4.7 On development of our water resource

4.7.1 Our water resource will be put to maximum use based on a studied and coordinated approach. We will have strong domestic institutions that would enable us to study and appropriately use our water resource.

4.7.2 To extricate ourselves from hunger, we will dam our rivers and exploit our underground water to expand our irrigation capacity and to help us increase our food production so that we would be able to extricate ourselves from hunger and become self-sufficient in food.

4.7.3. Millions of our citizens will be enabled to have access to clean drinking water.

4.7.4 Protective and controlling measures will be taken to prevent our rivers and lakes from being polluted and from being filled with sediment.

4.7.5 Arrangements will be made to enable professionals in the field to enhance their capacity, to organize themselves and to acquire training and experience.

4.8 On the supply of energy

4.8.1 To enable our citizens to be users of modern energy and to satisfy the ever-growing demand of industry and other sectors for energy in an adequate and sustained manner, special attention will be given to the development and implementation of an energy programme.

4.8.2 Although our country has numerous alternative sources of energy, only a limited amount of these sources has been utilized. Therefore, special attention will be given to obtaining energy from natural gas, biogas, biodiesel, wind, sun and other sources by using modern technology.

4.8.4 The construction of hydro electric dams will continue in a manner that takes the development of irrigation into consideration. The construction of dams will be carried out free from corruption and based on careful studies. Major attention will be given to the gradual building and strengthening of domestic capacity in this sector.

4.9 On the study and development of our mineral resource

4.9.1 In order to be able to put our mineral resource to good use in the development of the country, adequate budget will be provided for carrying out a comprehensive study of the mineral potential of the country and for indicating that potential on a geological map. A policy of mineral development will be formulated in order to strengthen the search for oil and other strategic minerals.

4.9.2 A control system will be put in place to ensure that communities that live in areas where there are valuable minerals such as gold and oil will have royalty rights and to prevent damages on other natural resources.

4.10 On transport and communication

4.10.1 Telecommunication

4.10.1.1 The monopolistic ownership of the Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation by the state will be abolished. Private investors with adequate capital and appropriate management skill will be encouraged to participate in the sector.

4.10.1.2 Special attention will be paid to ensuring that the present telecommunications service meets the high quality standards and that its distribution is continuously expanded.

4.10.1.3 Ethiopians will be enabled to use modern information and communication technology without any kind of limitation.

4.10.2 Postal Service

Efficient and quality postal service will be expanded throughout the country and privacy of correspondence will be guaranteed.

4.10.3 Transport Service

4.10.3.1There will be a modern and convenient mass transport system that will provide the people in Addis Ababa and in other major cities rapid and efficient service. Private investors will be encouraged to participate in this sector so that the people will have alternative means of transport

4.10.3.2 To encourage domestic investors to participate in providing adequate air transport service, the limitation on the number of seats in privately operated airplanes will be lifted.

4.11 On Financial Service

4.11.1 Domestic investors and banks will be enabled to be shareholders in the state banks in the country in order to enhance the financial capacity of the country.

4.11.2 Development banks that extend long-term loans to investors that engage in long-term development activities will be expanded and strengthened.

4.11.3 An efficient loaning system will be devised to enable citizens to obtain loans easily and to expand economic activities.

4.11.4 Revenues such as VAT collected by the government will be transparent and made to take the income of the people into consideration. The practice of short-term enrichment that is hurting legal and responsible merchants will be checked and all merchants will be made to pay the required tax in a uniform manner.

4.11.4 The condition in which international financial institutions are to operate in Ethiopia will be determined on the basis the contributions they make to the promotion of the interests of the country.

4.12 Tourism

Tourism will be expanded in a manner that preserves the cultures and moral values of the nation. Areas considered to be tourist attractions will be provided with special infrastructure to make them suitable for tourists. Private investors will be encouraged to participate in this economic sector.

4.13 On the development of pastoral areas

4.13.1The development of pastoral areas will be planned in a manner that takes the existing environment into consideration and that causes minimum disruption to the lifestyle of the inhabitants.

4.13.2 Given that the inhabitants in the pastoral areas earn their living by raising cattle, special attention will be given to development that enables animal husbandry and its bi-products to flourish.

4.14 On Resettlement

Every effort will be made to create various job opportunities to help the people solve their problems where they are. If conditions are such that the people could not be helped to be self-sufficient where they are, a carefully studied and well planned resettlement will be carried out in a manner that does not exert undue pressure on the environment.

5. The Ppolicy of Unity for Democracy and Justice on Social Affairs

5.1 Unemployment

5.1.1 Small scale industries and handicraft sectors that are supported by the government, as well as by the private sector, and that create job opportunities will be established throughout the urban and rural areas of the country and groups and individuals will be provided with the necessary support in microfinance and occupational training.

5.1.2 The farmer will be trained vocationally and provided with job opportunities by opening and expanding agro-industries in the rural areas.

5.1.3 UDJ will formulate and rapidly implement a socio-economic policy that distributes to citizens job opportunities in the civil service and other government owned institutions in a manner that is faire, based on merit and guarantees due promotion in the career structure.

5.2 Poverty Reduction

5.2.1The poverty that is rampant in the country is caused by the absence of democracy and good governance. UDJ will formulate a poverty eradication strategy based on the empowerment and active participation of the people.

5.2.2 Avoiding exclusive reliance on foreign aid, UDJ will allocate a special poverty reduction fund and formulate and expand strategies for creating job opportunities that would enable people in the urban, as well as in the rural areas, to engage in various income generating activities.

5.2.3 The farmer will be helped to succeed in his effort to extricate himself from poverty by providing him with agricultural inputs on credit and with close professional advice. The rural people, particularly the youth and women, will be enabled to engage in income generating activities outside of farming such as in agro-industries or other sectors.

5.2.4 The urban people, particularly the youth and women, will be provided with technical training to enable them to be self-sufficient through their own initiative and with the support of the government.

5.3 On Manpower Migration and Exile

5.3.1 The migration and exile of highly trained citizens will be checked by establishing a democratic system in the country and encouraging those citizens to live and work at home and contribute to the growth and development of their nation. Particularly highly trained medical doctors, scientists, engineers, etc, will be invited to participate, without any political pressure, in the formulation and implementation of critical policies. For their service, they will be given remunerations comparable to those given to their foreign colleagues and conditions will be created to enable them to lead a comfortable life.

5.3.2 Unrelenting efforts will be made to create and expand job opportunities in various economic sectors so that citizens could earn a decent living through their labour and be saved from the cruel and degrading life of refugees in exile. If and when citizens are victims of abuse as refugees in exile, every effort will be made to have their honour and rights protected according to the international convention on refugees.

5.3.4 Conditions will be created wherein our compatriots, particularly the youth, that migrate to the city due to the scarcity of rural land and other causes, could become productive citizens by being employed in large private farms and other development projects established by cities and towns at various administrative levels.

5.4 Education

5.4.1 The end of secondary education will be raised to the completion of Grade 12. First Degree university education will be given for at least 4 years and education administration personnel will be assigned only on the basis of educational qualification and experience and free from political considerations.

5.4.2 The institutions of higher learning, from the lowest to the highest, will be reorganized and upgraded step by step and its manpower provided with quality training so that they would be able to provide their students education that meets international standards. Furthermore, research activities in institutions of higher learning and in others will be made to focus on finding solutions to problems facing the country. Adequate support will be provided for such efforts.

5.4.3 The self-contained class approach, which is being implemented in the first cycle of elementary education at present in the absence of essential pre-conditions, will be abolished because it is having negative effects on the quality of education.

5.4.3 The policy of the use of language of learning in the first cycle of elementary education will be made to be uniform throughout the country. The Government will do everything it can to make it possible for Amharic and any other language that may be chosen to serve as a working language at the federal level to be taught in government schools. The students will be made to study any one or both of these working languages. These languages, including English, will be given in government as well as in private schools throughout the country in a uniform manner. Favorable conditions will be created wherein national languages would be given as subjects of study at the various administrative levels in their respective regions where they are spoken.

5.4.6 In order to eradicate illiteracy and to expand integrated functional adult education among the farmers and workers, an extensive and nation-wide adult education programme will be formulated and implemented.           

5.4.7 Regular as well as vocational education given starting from the elementary school to grade 12 will be free. Technical and vocational trainings given beyond grade 12 will also be free. University education will be provided on a cost-sharing basis.

5.4.8 Regular as well as higher private educational institutions will be monitored and provided with the necessary support to ensure that the quality of their education maintains the required standards.

5.4.9 Favorable conditions will be created to enable students' and teachers' associations to be created and to function freely at the institutional as well as at the national levels. Every educational institution will be enabled to enjoy academic freedom.

5.5 On Health Services

5.5.1 Sustained activities of disease control and prevention will be carried out throughout the regions of the country. To this end, a health policy will be designed and implemented.

5.5.2 Health institutions owned by the government will be staffed by competent professionals and provided with proper medical equipment and adequate supply of medicine.

5.5.3 The environment will be protected from pollutants. Environmental health will be expanded in the urban as well as in the rural areas. Relentless efforts will be made to provide clean drinking water to all the people and priority will be given to eradicating water-borne diseases.

5.5.4 There will be monitoring, control and support to ensure that private health institutions provide quality services and that their service fees are within the people's ability to pay. Furthermore, the government will subsidize the cost of medicine.

5.5.5 Doctors and other health professionals will be appropriately remunerated for their services and favorable working conditions will be created for them.

5.5.6 The social and economic problems caused by HIV/AIDS are among the many problems plaguing this country. Therefore, appropriate measures of training and protection will be taken. Furthermore extensive works of prevention will be undertaken against communicable diseases like malaria and tuberculosis that are major causes of death.

5.5.7 Research will be conducted on the widely used traditional medicine and medical practice in order to improve the quality and standard of its application and to enable it to enhance the general health service that is provided to the people.

5.5.8 A system will be established to ensure that health services are provided according to the standards required by the profession, that there is accountability and that appropriate measures are taken against violations of the professional code of ethics.

5.6 On Social Security

5.6.1 Citizens will be provided as much support as permitted by the country's available resource to help them meet the basic requirements of food, clothing, shelter, medical service, etc.

5.6.2 Citizens displaced from their jobs or are made to leave their jobs before reaching the retirement age for various reasons will be given retirement or compensation payment commensurate with their service immediately.

5.6.3 Conditions will be created wherein citizens that are disabled due to natural disasters or accidents would be gainfully employed and be able to support themselves.

5.6.4 Payment made to pensioners will be adjusted taking into consideration price inflations and rises in the cost of living.

5.6.5 An organization will be established that will mobilize domestic and foreign support and provide immediate assistance to citizens affected by natural or manmade disaster.

5.7 On Women

5.7.1 Women shall have the right to acquire wealth, to own property and to inherit on equal basis with men.

5.7.2 Women shall have the equal right to be employed as men.

5.7.3 Women workers shall have the right to take adequate rest during pregnancy of maternity.

5.7.4 Single Mothers will be provided with special support that helps them to mitigate problems that they may encounter.

5.7.5 Special attention will be given to providing extensive education and training that would contribute to protecting womenn's equality and rights and to building their capacity.

5.7.6 Everything necessary will be done to protect women from physical and psychological harms due to various religious and cultural beliefs. Especially, harmful practices such as early marriage, abduction and female genital mutilation perpetrated on girls will be abolished.

5.7.7 In order to be able to solve their problems, women will be allowed to organize themselves freely, without any interference from any government or political organization.

5.7.8 In order to strengthen their participation in all aspects of social life, women will be given real political power that goes beyond mere numerical and nominal representation.

5.8 On the Youth

5.9.1 The participation of the youth in the political, economic and social life of the country will be expanded. Multifaceted programmes and projects will be designed to solve the serious problem of widespread unemployment among the youth.

5.9.2 The youth will be enabled to obtain jobs only on the basis of their educational achievements, professional qualifications and skills and not, in any way, on the basis of their membership of a political party or an association.

5.9.3 Every effort will be made to protect the youth from being victims of harmful habits. To this end, everything possible will be done to build and expand recreational, sports and educational facilities that help the youth to develop physical and mental capabilities.

5..9.4 UDJ strongly opposes the promotion of organizations that are designed to bring the youth under the total control of the ruling party. Instead, a condition will be created wherein the youth will be able to organize themselves absolutely free from any kind of interference, to solve their common problems through common efforts and to be active participants in the affairs of their nation.

5.10 On Persons Living with Disabilities

5.10.1 Conditions will be created wherein persons living with disabilities will not be discriminated against in obtaining gobs and where they will be able to obtain jobs within their capabilities and earn a decent living just like their compatriots.

5.10.2 Residential area, work places, streets, public squares, recreational centers and transport facilities will be designed and constructed in such a way that they take into consideration the problems of persons living with disabilities.

5.10.3 Persons living with disabilities will be provided with education and training that are designed to solve their problems meet their needs.

5.10.4 When persons living with disabilities are engaged in schooling, they will be provided with assistance to ease their problem of lack of educational materials necessary for their studies.

5.11 On the Aged and Cildren

5.11.1 Special effort will be made to provide adequate care to the aged who have no one to care for them through governmental and non-governmental organizations.

5.11.2 Centers that provide the aged with recreational and socializing facilities will be provided.

5.11.3 Conditions will be facilitated wherein Senior Citizens can transmit their wisdom and experience to the succeeding generation.

5.11.4 Special attention will be given to the physically and mentally healthy upbringing of children who the future hope of the country.

5.11.5 Various schemes will be designed and implemented to provide orphans with the proper upbringing.

5.12 On Population Studies

5.12.1 Given that population studies plays a major role in a country's development, efforts will be made to ensure that there is a healthy balance between economic growth and population growth.

5.12.2 Family Planning and other birth control service programmes will be strengthened in a sustained manner.

5.13 Relics and Natgional Parks

Ethiopia is endowed with precious relics and other historical attractions as well as with a variety of parks that are havens for rare animals. However, these resources are exposed to plunder, destruction and wastage due to lack of protection and proper care. UDJ will see to it that these priceless resources of the country are fully protected and given proper care.

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